Ruth Benedict’s Ethnography of Pueblo Culture, Patterns of Culture, and

Response Piece Silko & BenedictAs noted in the response by Janet T completelyman, there are three main themes concerning Ruth Benedicts ethnography of Pueblo culture, Patterns of Culture, and Leslie Marmon Silkos novel Ceremony. Both detail the importance of matrilineage, harmony and quietus versus change, and ceremonies to the Pueblo Indians. It is important to note that Silko gives the reader a first-hand perspective of this livelihoodstyle (she was raised in the Laguna Pueblo Reservation), while Benedicts book is written from a third-person point of view. Because of this, it was fairly easy to see how much of the actual culture was overlooked or misinterpreted in Benedicts work. While the above-mentioned themes nigh Pueblo Indians were indeed mentioned in her book, Ceremony allows the reader comes away with a better understanding of why they lived as they lived, and how their lifestyle choices impacted every decision they made. As in my first assignment, my interpretation of the books was that Silkos was from a much more personal perspective a luxury provided because her book is to be enjoyed as a fictional novel instead of an academic text. Set against the backdrop of post-WWII reservation life, the struggles of the Laguna Pueblo culture to maintain its identity while adjusting to the realities of modern day life are even more pronounced in Ceremony. Silko uses a wide range of characters in club to give a voice to as many representatives of her tribe as possible. The main character, Tayo, is the person with whom the reader is more than likely to relate. The story opens with him reliving various phases of his life in flashbacks, and through them, the reader shares his softness to discern reality from delusion, past from present and right from wrong. His days are clouded by his post-war sickness, guilt for being the one to survive while his cousin-german Rocky is slain, and his inability to cope neither with life on the reservation or in the outside wo rld. He is one of several representations of the beginnings of the Laguna Pueblo callowness interacting with modern American culture.Tayos aunt (Auntie) is the personification of the Pueblo cultures staunch opposition to change. She is bound to her life and the people around her more so because of the various disgraces brought upon her family by her nephew Tayo being a half-breed, her brother Josiahs love af... ...of looking within themselves for the causes of their misery, they chose to blame the white man for their misfortunes. At the resembling time, they were causing pain and suffering unto themselves by punishing those who were deemed too different (Emo trying to kill Tayo and settling on Harley) and shunning any changes to life as they knew it. By the end of the novel, Tayo represents the potentially new world for Pueblo culture. As Betonie said, elements in the world began to shift and it became necessary to create new rituals in order to pass off the ceremonies strong. T his represents a very modern view on Pueblo life (Silkos) of the price tribe people must pay in order to survive in this world. As shown by Tayos final change, Silko sees it as necessary to maintain the essential parts of Pueblo culture in order to maintain the web that connects all its people together but one must also learn to adapt and accept the new world created around him or her in order to survive. Dont let them stop you, Betonie said in page 152, Dont let them finish off with this world. Stagnation is just as damaging as overwhelming change. Leslie Marmon Silko - CeremonyRuth Benedict - Patterns of Culture

White Fang :: essays research papers

Two outdoorsmen are out in the wild of the north. They are on a mission to deliver the body and coffin of a famous person. Their dogs disappear as they are entised by a she-wolf and eaten by the rest of the pack. They but have three rounds of ammunition left and Bill, peerless of the men, uses them to try to save one(a) of their dogs that is being attacked he misses and is eaten by the pack with the dog. Only Henry and devil dogs are left he makes a fire with leaves and scattered branches, trying to drive away the wolves. They draw in close and he is almost eaten, deliver except by a company of men who were traveling nearby. The wolves are in the midst of a starvation. They continue on running and hunting, lead by several wolves alongside the she-wolf, and when they finally find food the pack starts to split up. The she-wolf mates with one of the wolves and has a litter of pups inside an abandoned cave. Only one survives after several more famines and harsh weather, and he gro ws strong and is a feisty pup. The puppy learns the basics of hunting and survival. They come to an Indian closure where the she-wolfs (who is truly half-wolf, half-dog) master is. He catches her again and White Fang, her pup, stays nearby. Soon, she is sold to an different Indian, while White Fang stays with Gray Beaver, her master. White fang whines and cries but it doesnt help. The another(prenominal) dogs of the colonisation terrorize White Fang, especially one named Lip-lip, who for now is bigger and stronger. White Fang becomes more and more vicious, more like a wolf than a dog, boost by his master who beats him. One day he meets is mother and is turned to a light-hearted pup but, his mother doesnt even notice him. He kills other dogs that used to terroize him. Gray Beaver goes to Fort Yukon to trade and discovers whiskey, which he calls sweet water. White Fang is passed into the hands of Beauty Smith, a monster of a man who got gray Beaver drunk and tricked him into sell ing Whit Fang. Beaty Smith put White Fang ino dogfighting and he fights other dogs until he meets his match in a bulldog from the einsteiniumward and is relieve only by a man named Scott.White Fang essays research papers Two outdoorsmen are out in the wild of the north. They are on a mission to deliver the body and coffin of a famous person. Their dogs disappear as they are entised by a she-wolf and eaten by the rest of the pack. They only have three rounds of ammunition left and Bill, one of the men, uses them to try to save one of their dogs that is being attacked he misses and is eaten by the pack with the dog. Only Henry and cardinal dogs are left he makes a fire with leaves and scattered branches, trying to drive away the wolves. They draw in close and he is almost eaten, saved only by a company of men who were traveling nearby. The wolves are in the midst of a starvation. They continue on running and hunting, lead by several wolves alongside the she-wolf, and when they finally find food the pack starts to split up. The she-wolf mates with one of the wolves and has a litter of pups inside an abandoned cave. Only one survives after several more famines and harsh weather, and he grows strong and is a feisty pup. The puppy learns the basics of hunting and survival. They come to an Indian village where the she-wolfs (who is actually half-wolf, half-dog) master is. He catches her again and White Fang, her pup, stays nearby. Soon, she is sold to another Indian, while White Fang stays with Gray Beaver, her master. White fang whines and cries but it doesnt help. The other dogs of the village terrorize White Fang, especially one named Lip-lip, who for now is bigger and stronger. White Fang becomes more and more vicious, more like a wolf than a dog, back up by his master who beats him. One day he meets is mother and is turned to a light-hearted pup but, his mother doesnt even notice him. He kills other dogs that used to terroize him. Gray Beaver goes to Fo rt Yukon to trade and discovers whiskey, which he calls sweet water. White Fang is passed into the hands of Beauty Smith, a monster of a man who got colourise Beaver drunk and tricked him into selling Whit Fang. Beaty Smith put White Fang ino dogfighting and he fights other dogs until he meets his match in a bulldog from the east and is saved only by a man named Scott.

Tom Green Vs. Cheech Maron :: essays research papers

Tom Green is the type of guy who probably got kicked push through of class all the time. Teachers, Principal, and administrators knew his name. The guy who was never takenseriously.Tom Green is a male Stefanie. The reason be, in comparison, both are hyper,crazy, and hunch to fall in other laugh and just straight out have a good time. Tom isguaranteed to make people laugh and take his show to the extreme. From fraction jokes tocrazy pranks pulled, to candid cameras and cruel humor. ( clean humor) No one is hurtwhile the camera is rolling, with the exception of Tom. a good time Little Rascals is a kind of movie that has a cute humor to me. In the movie, itsbased on young kids, between the ages of 6 and 8 years old, who movement and accomplishdeeds that great of adults. There incessantly getting held back one way or another. Forexample, when Alfalfa tries to be romantic with Darla, the gang always seems to catchhim in the act. So the gang gives him consequences since their club is the he manwomen haters, so his punishment was to sleep at the club house that was burned dash off toa crisp, out in a storm, and had to watch it. Thinking there were monsters, and bums outthere to get him, unable to sleep, all for the love of Darla. Another situation would bewhen Buckwheat was sent to call the fire department for when the club house was burntdown, and when he at long last went to the phone booth, he didnt know the number, andquestioned whats the number for 911? And left..Im pretty is a song that is from T.L.Cs latest release. The song talks about,Society, how it has changed and how girls will do any type of reconstruction to their bodyjust to look better. This topic truly opens peoples eyes in the song. As you listen to it,you will finally/if not already notice how todays women are doing any type of surgery for some attention, and love from another. If you look good, you will be accepted insociety, for being so pretty. But the pretty really counts inside if yo u think about it. Tosome it is all about what size of bust, waist, or hips you got, wheter you got it going onor not. This topic is really effecting teens in todays world. Stereotyping the look is whatits all about. Sadly it is true, but I feel the song will help others notice what is really up

The Gates Essay examples -- essays research papers

The long awaited project phenomenon that is due to make art history, The Gates, by Christo and Jeanne-Claude. habituated permission by Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg on January 22, 2003, the project is set to be mounted in Central Park in New York City February twelfth of this year.The planned project is to resemble a golden river. Thus consisted to 7500 furnish in total standing 16 feet (4.87 meters) high with a width ever-changing from 5 6" to 18 feet (1,67 m to 5,48 meters) going along the edges of the Central Park pathways. Saffron colored fabric panels suspended from the horizontal top part of the gates will come down to approximately 7 feet ( 2,13 meters) above the ground. Each gate will be spaced at 12 foot (3,65 meter) from severally other, but might vary where trees expand above the walkways allowing the synthetic woven panels to wave towards the next gate and be seen from far away through the scapose branches of the trees.The construction itself is a big development in itself. There are to be hundreds of residents to help in the project for temporary employment doing the following thingsManufacturing and ingathering of the gates structures, Installation workers, Maintenance teams around the clock, in uniform and with radios, Removal workers.The work is consisted of a lot of materials that, in the end, will be recycled at an company plant in Queens,NY. The materials are as follows 5,290 US Tons of steel (4,799 Metric Tons) (10,580,000 pounds) (equal to 2/3 the ste...

A Warning to Society :: English Literature Essays

A Warning to SocietyFahrenheit 451 Essay--A warning to society cordial Satire trenchant wit, irony, or sarcasm used to expose and discredit vice or folly, as defined by Merriam-Webster Online. Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury uses social satire in a most direct way to expose censoring today. When Bradbury wrote this book, censorship was just creeping into the lives of humans, and today censorship has built a protective bubble around everything we do. Fahrenheit 451s satire of censorship is aimed at American media and mind, American society, and our entertainment.The medium in Bradburys book is the epitome of a controlling media. Due to books being burned and forgotten, the government is capable of changing the outcome of level by rewriting it therefore, history can be whatever the media want it to be. Americas government is autonomous in that they are afforded the same liberties as the free media. If the media get their pass on on a certain story, they can change or omit important d etails that affect the story. The media of our time can censor what they want, and moreover, control the minds of American citizens. In Bradburys world, the media is so powerful that they burned books to oppress any uncontrolled thoughts or subliminal messages. As a result, people are thusly forced to stop reading. Books are condensed into smaller and smaller pieces, removing all unimportant information in todays world, and the general public doesnt care. some(prenominal) pieces of literature in our world are now abridged people can not get the full meaning of these books by reading a much shorter version. In Bradburys book, both the media and government were guilty of censoring books to the point of nonexistence the written word had no substantial meaning. School is exposit by Clarisse as a place where one cant think. With our societys increasing stupidity, how long will it be before our books be come along burned? Much of American society today is focused on what we censor, an d we are so worried about the small things in life that we gullt focus on the big things. In the land of Fahrenheit 451 the people of the society focus on the burning of books, and they dont seem to care that the overall quality of life is declining in their society. Parallels can be drawn with our world today. For example, the government has groups specifically focusing on the censorship of media.

Geographical Effects on Cooking and Preparation :: Research Cooking Geogrpahy Papers

Geographical Effects on Cooking and Preparation Abstract This paper will attempt to show others the differences and similarities in food preparation imputable to differences in altitudes. Accordingly, this paper will explore the adjustments necessary to cook in different locations and at different elevations. This paper is of interest to me because I live at an elevation of over 10,572 feet. The backs of boxes do not indicate changes of this type. This also interests me because I have a joy for being in the kitchen. National Standards A assort of parents, educators, business people, and organizations has developed a list of standards for educators to use as a reference in order to make the United States internationally competitive (14, p 9). These standards should apply to this paper and to all geography related topics. Three standards have been chosen to focus the attention of this paper. The first one is number six Knows and understands that finishing and experiences influence pe oples perception of places and experiences. This applies because there will be a different perspective on cooking for those who live in gloomy altitudes than to those who live at higher ones. The second one that applies is number 14 Knows and understands how the earths physical and human systems are connected and interact. It is because of the physical environment that the human system of cooking is altered. Finally, number 18 Knows and understands how to apply geography to interpret the present and the future. This standard is used to show that at present there are still a lot of experiments to complete, so that perhaps in the future we will be better prepared to adjust to higher elevations. access As the twenty-first century is rapidly approaching people have a lot on their minds wars, shortages of fuel leading to higher gas prices, possible computer crashes, and who will be the prominent leaders, among other things. This paper is designed to allow the reader to escape into t he world nearly everyone enjoys, eating. Food is required to nutrify life. Even small children know that fact however, not everyone knows that food also has emotional and psychological effects. Food is the source of security, satisfaction, hospitality, and status (1, p 8). Involved in the last of these, status, is a large element of social interaction and acceptance. Accordingly, the area in which a someone lives is one of the largest factors determining the eating habits a person develops (1, p 2).

Relationships and Attraction

From the beginning on time, world around others befuddles us know affiliated. It is hu mankind nature to form kinds with people who attract us. As human beings, there has always been a desire to form relationships. The lack of relationships and bonds with other individuals rout out lead to negative feelings, such as loneliness. In order to figure out the need to form bonds we must analyze the benefits and factors of attraction and relationships. There be six factors that describe attraction. The mere exposure happens when we argon around someone or something so much, we grow fond of it.For example, you go to training classes for your new positions for the following 4 weeks. When you are hired you are much likely to hang around the people who sat closest to you during your weeks of training. We are more attracted to individuals who are attractive. In a study that evaluated attraction bias and the effect it had on hiring managers, 112 managers were given four potential placed idates resume and pictures to go over. The managers chose candidates who were more attractive (Marlowe, Schneider,& Nelson, 1996). We are attracted to individuals that we can relate to.For example, advocates for PETA and a person who works on a slaughter farm are less likely to be associated with each other. Along with being attracted to those we relate to, we are also attracted to individuals we look like. For example, in a room full of Hispanics and Blacks, Hispanics are more likely to mingle with Hispanics the same with black individuals. We are less likely to befriend someone of another culture because of the factor, we are more attracted to individuals we look like. Feenstra also suggest we like individuals who are had to get because they are selective in their social choices (Feenstra, 2011, Ch. 3. 1, We like Those Who Are Hard to Get). If we can form a bond with this individual, it can possibly boost our ego esteem because of the exclusivity of the relationship. Humans are m ore likely to be attracted to individuals they can benefit from. This involves equity. Equity in relationships is receiving back from your partner what you put in. A relationship can be under-benefited or over-benefited. Under-benefited relationships involve someone giving more than receiving and an over-benefited relationship involves receiving more from your partner than giving (Feenstra,2011).Bonds and relationships are natural instincts we as macrocosm want to comport. We have an innate need to belong. The need for frequent positive contact and the need for enduring connections marked by mutual concern for the welfare of the other are two move of the need to belong theory (Feenstra, 2011). Our social bond, emotions, and fear of deprivation are all connected to our need to belong. domineering emotions stem from relationships we have with others. Not being able to form relationships and bonds with others may lead to negative emotions.Social bonds are formed quickly and easily (Feenstra, 2011). For example, you go to a job interview and before the interview you are waiting with a group of people also waiting to get interviewed. You are more likely to end up talking to someone who is sitting next to you. We need contact and attention from others so that we do not feel deprived. psychic illnesses and depression stem from deprivation. Love is a word that is often spoken, and has many different definitions. For example, I fare the Atlanta Falcons versus I am in love with Johnny Depp. There are three types of love.Being in love suggest having a desire for someone. There are three types of love, they include friendly love, compassionate love, and passionate love. Companionate love involves liaison and commitment. This love can be described as a love you may have for friends and family members. . hope and past shared experiences contribute to companionate love. Passionate love describes the in love kind of love and involves desire, emotional arousal, and p hysical attraction (Feenstra, 2011). For example, a man decides to ask his girlfriend to marry him because he is in love with her.Compassionate love describes the love you may feel for your mother. This love is broken into two parts communal relationships and exchange relationships. In communal relationships things are done for an individual without expecting something in return. In exchange relationships things are done based on whether or not something will be given in exchange. Communal relationships are ones we more likely will have with our friends and family members. For example, if your child is sick you will riposte care of him or her regardless if they will give you anything back in return.Communal relationships deal with people who arent apart of your close friends and family social circle. In Figure 14. 1, Sternbergs Triangular Theory of Love distinguishes romantic love from empty love. Sternbergs theory describes romantic love as passionate and having intimacy . Empty l ove is described as having only commitment (Feenstra, 2011). Along with these two theories, Sternberg also lists other different components of love. Intimacy, passion, and commitment are all components that make up the kinds of love listed in the table. Intimacy is the closeness you may have with an individual.Its about opening up emotionally and trust. Passion is the emotional desire you have for you partner. Commitments are the decisions we make within relationships. For example, a decision to move to another state along with your partner after they accept a job offers shows your train of commitment to the relationship. We stay healthy by forming bonds with others. When we are deprived we risk depression and other mental illnesses that can have lasting effects on ourselves and others around us. The benefits of relationships show us why we form bonds with other individuals.

Report on “Rahimafrooz”

disrupt ONE 1. 1 Introduction The word surroundings does not merely refer to the natural or bionomic environs, although that whitethorn be upshotant considerations for many an(prenominal) organizations. Instead, it is a generic concept, which embraces the totality of external milieu forces, which may influence any aspect of organizational activity. Similarly, the word pipeline is utilize to imply any suit of organization, whether it is a commercial profit- devising enterprise, a politics agency or a non-profit-making charitable trust. 1. 2 Background The calculate-conducted rahimafrooz limited. This troupe all ready establish in the market.Rohimafrooz first lance their product in 1954. We atomic number 18 preparing this report environment doctor (specially ecological impact) analysis the rahimafrooz limited. We argon visit rahimafrooz sales center and collect much information. In this paper Impact of environmental Forces in Industry special focus on bionomics every l ikely attempt has been do to collect necessary information to show the conditions of the product. 1. 3 Signifi sufferce of the report To justify the how situation ecological environment impact the rahimafrooz Ltd. in Bangladesh. 1. 4 Scope of the report The bea of study is confined to rahimafrooz Ltd. n Bangladesh. The job is to review the overall fellowship ecological impact. This report has been prep ard through extensive discussion with group member & seller of the company. ?An overview of IPS & assault and shelling industry in Bangladesh. ?An overview of rahimafrooz limited in Bd ?Marketing motion of rahimafrooz limited. 1. 5 Objectives 1. 5. 1 Broad Objective Our objective is to identify environmental Forces on Rahimafrooz Ltd. especially ecological impact on their production process as easily as overall industry. 1. 5. 2 Specific Objective ?To identify the ecologial condition of Rahimafrooz Batteries & IPS Ltd. In Bangladesh. To identify the major obstacle to the way o f prosper of the company. ?To find come forth the objectives of the Rahimafrooz Ltd. ?To identify the frugal & marketing condition. 1. 6 Methodology Methodology following to perform a job or conducting activities to complete a task is called methodology. 1. 6. 1 Type of look for This is an Descript & experimental research which briefly reveals and analyzes the especially ecological impact of Rohimafrooz Ltd. 1. 6. 2 Sources of data 1. 6. 2. 1 Primary Rohamaforooze dealer, marketing department, & customer, seller and so ontera 1. 6. 2. 2 Secondary Newspaper, article, library sturdy, & report. . 6. 3 Data collection procedure 1. 6. 3. 1 Secondary Published documents and reports Annual reports of the Rahimafrooz . Relevant websites (www. rahimafrooz bangladesh limited. com) 1. 6. 3. 2 Primary audience and discussion with the officials and clients 1. 6. 4 Questionnaire A logical questionnaire is employ in the market research. Both c hurt ended and open-ended questions are used in the questionnaire. 1. 6. 5 Sampling plan ?Sample whole The sample unit of the survey is an individual user of IPS & battery in BD. ?Population barely the user of IPS & battery product in mirpur aria. Sample frame No well structured sample frame is found. ?Sampling procedure Non-probability convenience sampling procedure is used in the survey. ?Sampie size The sample size is carbon people NoAreaNumber 01Mirpur- 11 number50 02Mirpur- 10 number30 03Mirpur- 01 number20 1. 6. 6 Data analysis and reporting We have used divergent com tacker software to analyzes this reports. such(prenominal) as Microsoft word, Microsoft excel etc. 1. 7 Limitations ? pretermit of time ?Lack of knowledge ?Lack of sufficient financial assi military bewilder. ?Lack of proper book, journals & article etc. ?Lack of worth(predicate) data & information. Lack of perfect co-operation. protrude TWO Theoretical Aspects ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES A Classification of Environmental forces 1. LE. PESTC analysis. 2. Dartb oard model. 3. Peace & Robinson theory. There have been numerous attempts to model the business environment either in its totality or in its specific elements. possibly the some popular of the former category is PEST analysis. The simple acronym PEST (standing for Political, Economic, Social, Technological) serves well as an aide memoir when considering the array of environmental forces influencing business activity. It encompasses just about areas of concern these field.PEST analysis enables to assemble a logical and comprehensive picture of their environment. However it is the interrelationship between the apparently different factor, which adds not just complexity, and uncertainty to the analysis but likewise richness greater accuracy Figure LE PEST C Analysis Economical GDP per capita economic growth unemployment rate inflation rate consumer and investor confidence inventory levels currency ex variety rates merchandise trade balance financial and semipolitical wellness of trading partners balance of payments future trends Political political climate amount of government activity political stability and risk government debt budget shortfall or surplus corporate and personal tax rates payroll taxes import tariffs and quotas export restrictions restrictions on international financial flows Legal minimum pursue laws environmental protection laws worker safety laws union laws copyright and patent laws anti- monopoly laws Sunday closing laws municipal licences laws that favour business investment Technological qualification of infrastructure, including roads, ports, airports, rolling stock, hospitals, education, healthcare, communication, etc. industrial productivity sweet manufacturing processes cutting products and services of competitors new products and services of lend chain partners any new engineering science that could impact the company constitute and accessibility of electrical power Ecological ecological concerns that proceed the firms production processes ecological concerns that imply customers geting habits ecological concerns that affect customers learning of the company or product Social demographic factors such as opopulation size and distribution oage distribution oeducation levels oincome levels oethnic origins oreligious affiliations attitudes towards omaterialism, capitalism, free enterprise individualism, role of family, role of government, socialism orole of church and religion oconsumerism oenvironmentalism oimportance of work, pride of accomplishment hea accordinglyish structures including odiet and nutrition ohousing conditions Competitive Labor put up oquantity of labor available oquality of labor available ostability of labor communicate owage expectations oemployee turn-over rate ostrikes and labor relations oeducational facilities Material suppliers oquality, quantity, price, and stability of material inputs ode roll in the hayry delays oproximity of bulky or heavy material inputs olevel of competition among suppliers foreign Economy Technology sector International Context Context Government Industry ORGANIZATION raw material Market sectors Social cultural Human resources Sector SectorInternational Finance Sector sector Figure Dartboard model The dartboard configuration gives the organization of place in the centre while radiating from are 8 categories environmental concern. Technology Sector Both the types and the level of technology in the society give insight into go outing an institution. Institutions dealing with Western paradigms are dependent on the state of national infrastructure, e. g. power, irrigate, transport those which concentrate on indigenous research paradigms may have totally different dependencies.Thus, it is important to understand the level of relevant technology in the institutional context and whether such technology is defined by computer literacy or by highly substantial indigenous methods of verbal and nonverbal communication. It mig ht also be helpful for an assessment to allow in a consideration of the process by which new technology comes into use, both to understand how difficult it is to acquire needed research technologies and to develop an appreciation for the societys willingness to embrace both new knowledge and change. Government SectorAt a general level, IDRC needs to understand the relationship between governmental scheme or ontogenesis plans and the institution. Several specific dimensions of the political context should be scrutinized The extent to which government and its bureaucracy supports and contributes resources to the institution It is imperative that IDRC and opposite funding agencies know whether signifi stooget governmental inputs are anticipated to support increased staffing, maintenance, or other recurring greets typical in research projects. The political context usually entails resource trade-off decisions at the government level. The extent to which the political system is stabl e or poised to undergo signifi batht change This factor is vital the foreign policy context and its effect on IDRC should also be considered. Whether the political context of the institution directly involves the legal context Some institutions require specific legal status to operate, to receive external funding, and to import equipment in support of research. Economic Sector In the economic environment, the organizational analysis should centre on those aspects of the economic system that directly impact the type of project being considered.For example, inflation, labour laws, and opportunity costs for researchers in public institutions directly impact organizational activities. Clearly, a country under a morphologic adjustment regime or one that is expecting to undergo restructuring presents an investment context that IDRC needs to understand. Countries with foreign currency restrictions represent different environments for institutions than countries without them, for such rest rictions have ramifications for research, e. g. or equipment procurement and maintenance. It is important for IDRC to know how the organization the Centre is supporting is affected by these and other economic forces. Social and Cultural Sector Social and cultural forces at topical anaesthetic, national, and very much functional levels have weighty influence on the way organizations conduct their work and on what they value in terms of outcomes and effects. For example, the mores of an indigenous culture have a bearing on the work ethic and on the way in which people relate to one other.Undoubtedly, the most profound cultural dimension is language. The extent to which organizational members good deal participate in the discourse of the major scientific language will determine the extent to which research essays focus inwardly or contribute to regional and global research agendas. Understanding the national/regional/local values toward learning and research provides insight in to the type and nature of research that is valued. For example, what is the relative priority placed on contract research in partnership with local clients, e. g. esting products and procedures with indigenous populations, as contrasted to sharing information with academic peers internationally, or generating biostatistical data that will shape national or regional policy? Arriving at these priorities involves culture-based decisions. Human Resources Sector The gentlemans gentlemane resources (HR) of an organization consist of all staff (research, teaching, managerial, and technical/support staff) engaged in any of the organizations activities. It is well-recognized that the human resources of any organization are its most valuable asset.This is particularly true in research centres, where the people required to do the core work of the organization are highly trained individuals. IDRC has long been move to supporting the continuing professional development of researchers in the Centres partner institutions. The HR management function is charged with planning and controlling this resource to make indisputable that peoples needs are met. This is not merely an altruistic function, for it is highly likely that staff who are reasonably comfortable with working conditions and stimulated by the environment will be productive.Managing human resources requires forecasting the demand and supply of staff needed to carry out the activities of the organization. HR management also entails keeping records of human resources so as to give up the creation of a more equitable employment system. They separate firms external environment into three categories. Remote Environment All of the environment element with out industry & operating environment Such as global & domestic political, social, and technological concerns. Industry Environments those manse competitive forces. Such as Singer , Novana, TCL etc. Operating environment Which omprises a rather mixed group of actors including suppliers and customers. PART THREE Analysis and Findings STUDY on RAHIMAFROOZ 3. 1 Organization Overview Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd. is a Private entrepreneur and leading battery manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It manufactures and markets several types of batteries both in the local and international market. Due to the prove quality and wide range of product, the company has been trusted worldwide. The confederacy, for more than 15 years, has been working in designing, marketing, supplying and installation of solar products for various types of uses e. . Household lighting, connection lighting, off-grid market electrification, Railway signaling, remote area communication etc. Till date, Rahimafrooz has installed more than 4187 SHS (50 Wp equivalent) in different parts of the country with installed capacity of 209 kWp. RBL is the largest lead-acid battery maker in Bangladesh and offers an extensive range of automotive & specialized industrial battery. It manufac tures over 300 different types of automotive and industrial batteries. Its plant is ISO 9001 & ISO 14001 certified. It is one of the key players in South Asia in its field.Nearly 70% of households in Bangladesh are not connected to the electricity grid and so depend on kerosene for lighting. This includes most rural areas, and also the fringes of Dhaka. There are plans to extend the grid, but there is little prospect of substantial change in the near future. The REREDP, which is funded by the cosmos Bank and GEF and managed by the Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), initially aimed to provide 50,000 systems by the end of 2007, but this has already been increased to 200,000 systems because of the success of the programme, and may be further ncreased. IDCOL provides Participating Organizations (POs) in the programme with subsidies and concessional loans to purchase PV systems in bulk, and the partners can then provide credit to rural households to buy systems. PV elect ricity can have a huge impact on peoples lives, providing power for lighting, phone charging, education and entertainment. One reason for the success of the project is the local availability of components from the manufacturing and development work of Rahimafrooz.The company has applied its considerable expertise in battery manufacture to the production of batteries specifically for PV systems, as wellas diversifying into the design of charge controllers and fluorescent lamps for local manufacture. Rahimafrooz has also supplied 25,000 complete SHSs, mostly for IDCOL POs under the REREDP, and has provided training and technical support for these POs. Outside the REREDP, Rahimafrooz has installed 448 kWp of other PV systems.The first prize Ashden Award to Rahimafrooz Batteries Ltd recognises the key contribution which it has made to the enormously successful programme of solar home systems in Bangladesh, through local manufacture of reliable equipment and components. Company Profile B asic Information Company NameRahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd Business TypeManufacturer, Trading Company, Agent Product/ serve up (We Sell)Lead pane of glass Battery, Tyre, Voltage Stabiliser, UPS, Inverter , IPS Product/Service (We Buy)Voltage Stabiliser, UPS, Inverter Address cosmos Chamber, 104 Motizheel C / A BrandsRahimafroozNumber of EmployeesAbove 1000 People Company Website URLhttp//rahimafrooz. com/ Ownership & Capital Year Established1946 Registered CapitalAbove US$100 Million Ownership TypeCorporation/Limited Liability Company Legal Representative/Business OwnerLimited company 3. 2 Trade & Market Main MarketsAfrica Mid East Eastern Asia Main Customers Domestic Market, Middle east, India, etc Total Annual Sales VolumeAbove US$100 Million Export Percentage21% 30% Total Annual Purchase VolumeUS$50 Million US$100 Million Factory Information Factory SizeAbove 100,000 square metersFactory LocationDhaka, Pabna & EPZ QA/QCIn House No. of mathematical product LinesAbove 10 No. of R Staff11 20 People No. of QC Staff31 40 People Management CertificationHACCP ISO 9000/9001/9004/19011 2000 QS-9000 ISO 14000/14001 Contract ManufacturingOEM Service Offered Design Service Offered Quality Policy We as a team are totally committed to customer delight through intelligent effort and continuous improvement. Vision 2010 To be one of the top two storage power companies in SAARC by the year 2010. Core Values Integrity in all our dealingsThe Rahimafrooz team neer compromises on ethical business practices. We set high standards of ethics and moral virtue for ourselves. Our commitment to integrity shall never be compromised for the sake of business goals or anything. We firmly believe in religious, ethical, social and legal righteousness and we strictly adhere to those. We are also a firm believer in meaningfully contributing to the community and giving back to the society. Excellence in everything we do Our pursuit for business success has thrived on a very simple yet power ful philosophy quality comes firstWe have maintained highest quality standards in our operations, processes, products and brands, always keeping in mind that we cant afford to be anything less than the best. In all our operating segments and in all our work areas, we strive for quality worthiness and continuous improvement. Total commitment to customer satisfaction It takes months, years, in some cases decades, to win a loyal customer. But it takes only a few seconds to lose one. Rahimafrooz thrives on winning loyal customers through best quality products and service.Most importantly, it believes in keeping its customers loyal though sustained quality, amazing service performance and superior customer relations. Every hit decision we make, every single behavior we demonstrate, must be meant for the satisfaction of our customers. Thinking ahead and taking new initiatives We have always tried to stay ahead in terms of thinking, decision making and competition. Our product developme nt, business investment, people processes, technology utilization etc. stand testimony to this fact. We believe in being creative, innovative, and intelligent risk takers.Challenging the conventional is encouraged in our organization as long as it is meant to add value to the business and meant to bring convinced(p) go outs for the organization. Management, finance and partnerships The solar work of Rahimafrooz involves close contact with a large number of POs in Bangladesh. chance upon staff involved include Munawar M Moin, Director and Chief Operating Officer Shah MD Sazzad Hossain, Manager, Solar and Industrial Batteries and Nadia Rahim, Business Manager, Renewable Energy Services. The solar unit has recently (July 2006) been separated into an independent business working entirely on renewable energy systems.IDCOL provides both finance and logistic support to the many organisations involved in the widespread uptake of SHS in Bangladesh. This support includes nationwide campaig ns to raise awareness about the benefits of SHS setting and maintaining quality standards inspection and monitoring of systems and participation between the different organisations. Products ?Automotive battery ?Motorcycle battery ?Appliance battery ?Deep cycle Flat plate battery ?Industrial tubular battery ?VRLA battery ?IPS and UPS batteries ?Battery for solar systems 3. 3 Ecological environment supply raw material to the rahimafrooz company Ltd.If row material price change then impact the organization demand & supply then Over all change company economy environment. Resource is given by environmental science environment. Non-renewable resource A non-renewable resource is a natural resource which cannot be throwd, re-grown, regenerated, or reused on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate. These resources often survive in a fixed amount, or are consumed much faster than nature can recreate them. Fossil fuel (such as coal, crude anele and natural gas) and nuclear pow er are example. This resource only source of environmental science environment. Renewable resourceA natural resource is a renewable resource if it is replaced by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans. Solar radiation, tides, winds and hydroelectricity are continuous resources that are in no danger of a need of long-term availability. Renewable resources may also mean commodities such as wood, paper, and leather, if harvesting is performed in a sustainable manner. Ecology Environment impact demand & supply & price level If ecology environment one element change then over all demand, supply & price level change. Following bellow 3. 3. The theory of demand for RL By demand we mean demand backed by money. We are concerned with the quantity of a commodity, which will be demand at a given price over a certain accomplishment of time. A lower price wills means that more will be purchased. Higher price less will be purchased. It depend on ecology environment condition. Demand schedule for Rahimafrooz Batteries value/ unit (Tk. ) Quantity Demanded (Thousands) Per Week 40001000 30001500 20002000 10002500 5003000 D 4000 3000 Price (Tk. ) 2000 1000 500 0 100015002000 2500 30000 Quantity (per week) 3. 3. 2 The theory of supply for RLThe market for goods and services is determined not only by demand. The demand which consumers express through their willingness to buy, needs to be met by the willingness of producers to supply a good. to a greater extent goods will be supplied at a higher, rather than at a lower, price. This law of the upward-sloping supply curve can be explained by the aim of producers to increase their income. If ecology environment supply row material about low cost then product price is decries. Supply schedule for Rahimafrooz Batteries Price/unit (Tk. )Quantity supplied ( thousands) per week 40005000 30004500 20003500 10002500 001000 S 4000 3000 Price 2000 1000 500 0 1000 2500 3500 4500 5000 Quantit y 3. 3. 3 Market equilibrium What benefit you are gating and haw many cost you are sacrifices. The benefits consumers attach to their consumption, this call marginal private benefit (MPB). S1, S2 is the supply curve, which corresponds to the marginal private cost ( MPC) For that supply curve shift right ward. Price S1 (MPC) E1 P1 S2 (MPC) E2 P D (MPB) Q1 Q Quantity Figure Market equilibrium accounting for external costsEven If you pollution water then you paid it value. This cost calculation MPC & MPB equilibrium position. Environmental stances adopted by RL They follow compliance plus strategy where there is more evidence of a proactive stance towards legal standards. RL have environmental management system into the context of its overall business strategy via ISO 9001 & ISO 14001 certified and follow The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 and The Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995. If today row material price increase then product cost increase. As a yield demand dec rees then created new equilibrium. . 3. 4 other ecological environment Political, social culture, environment uncertainties impact the organization productivity. As a result impact on profitability. PART 4 Major Findings Our sturdy Ecological Impact of RAHIMAFROOZ 4. 1 Introduction A business doesnt exist in a vacuum Environmental forces can affect businesses positively by driving sales, or they can cause negative effects by increase the cost of goods sold or by increasing a businesss overhead. A business depends upon its ability to generate a profit despite the external factors affecting it.While most environmental forces may be outside of a companys control, it can still succeed as long as the potential impacts of such forces are recognized and a plan is put into place to mitigate these effects. 4. 2 Ecological environment The word ecology come from Greek word oikos which means house or place to live. The study of the interaction of organisms with their environments. It involves understanding biotic & abiotic factors influencing the distribution and abundance of living thinks. 4. 2. 1 Characteristics of ecosystems Structure Living (biotic) Nonliving (abiotic) Process Energy flow cycle of matter (chemicals)Change Dynamic (not static) Succession etc. 4. 2. 2 Element of ecosystem There are many element of ecosystem among them Human Animal whole kit and caboodle Plant/ trees v Animal v Human If any one crushed then environment is change. 4. 3 Environment effect of the RAHIMAFROOZ IPS & battery ?IPS IPS is seasonal business. pass season IPS demand is high. But winter season demand is low. So IPS demand is effect the environment change. ?Naturally IPS price is very high. So only rich people use IPS they contain electric. Our country electric supply is low. But rice people not supper it because they store power. As a result electric is storage more & more.It suffer only poor people that call bangla word morar upor karar ga. So social class effect the environm ent change. ?Battery RAHIMAFROOZ produce different type of battery such as vehicle and IPS battery. This battery is high quality and high price. So economy position effects the organization. Past year (2009) battery demand had very low because bad economy. ?Political environment effect the organization. Bad political field destroy the strategy in the company. ?Ecology Environment supply the row material bus any reason environment is change and row material supply distress so price is riches that effect the organization.Such as natural gas supply. ?Now a days up to 20 years track & base are reject this situation battery demand decrees. So government swayer & regulation effect the company. ?Sometime miscorrelation attract the company. So company face loss. ?Infrastructure and Deliverability One of the key environmental forces a business must deal with it is its ability to deliver its product. While a business can control some factors, such as vehicles and transportation, it cant cont rol those forces that exist within the infrastructure (including the transportation network of roads and railroads).The infrastructure must include roads adequate to support the areas traffic Roads must be built to handle the type of traffic that will use them. ?Availability of Resources Production depends upon the availability of resources needed to manufacture a product. If resources are limited due to low crop production, for example, a business may suffer. Climatic environmental forces can affect how successful a business is and whether or not it can keep up with demand. Businesses dependent on nonrenewable resources such as minerals or fossil fuels are more likely to be negatively impacted by these environmental forces. Natural Disasters Perhaps the most unpredictable of the environmental forces that affect businesses is the occurrence of natural disasters. Flooding is the most common and widespread of natural disasters that can potentially affect businesses, according to the F ederal Emergency Management theatrical (FEMA). The National Weather Service reported that flooding caused more than $2 billion in property damage in 2007. ?Demographics Changes in demographics are another external factor that can impact businesses. Shifts in demographics occur for a myriad of reasons, sometimes displacing a critical client base.Cost of living, the environment, or lack of green length may cause people to move elsewhere. For a business, this environmental force can have a tremendous effect. Likewise, a positive shift may occur, resulting in an increase in potential clients and customers. For example, new businesses may attract more people to move into an area, with the potential to benefit other business owners with the increased client base 4. 4 Government regulation of ecological environment Agencies such as the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ordinate businesses and the environmental impacts they may have.Regulations may dictate how a business manufa ctures its products, as well as how it disposes of waste material. oecumenically, the greater and more hazardous the potential impact, the more regulations a business may be forced to follow. Failure to follow these regulations can result in large fines and possible cessation of a business. ? packaging of bargaining Who are created pollution & who are suffering pollution. Government are middle person who solve the problem. It is difficult, ?If is difficult to establish the legal right involved. ?It would be impossible to list everyone who is affected ?Taxes and charges If organization produce harmful product then government charge high tax. Such as segregate. ?Marketable permit every company pollution some environment. Production is impossible with out pollution. So government give some permit pollution to the environment, in this region company pay charge. Some company pollution over the limit & some company pollution under the limit. So higher pollution company spent large amount of many to buy permit from lower pollution company. So both company try reduce pollution. Tradable Pollution Permits (TPPs) are an alternative to pollution taxes.In 1994, the United States government inaugurated a program to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by requiring that companies have a permit for each long ton of sulfur dioxide they emit. Companies were allocated TPPs based on their historical level of sulfur dioxide emissions. The program allows TPPs to be bought and sold among the companies. Therefore, a company can invest in scrubbers or use more expensive low sulfur coal to reduce its sulfur dioxide emissions and then sell its excess permits, offsetting part of the cost of reducing the pollution. ?Grants or Subsidies It is a different strategy by government.Some people are not able to pay pollution charge. Such as farmer, so government pay many to reduce pollution. ?Regulation and anti monopoly legislation To force organizes to address negative externalities is by regulat ion usually by imposing a set of legal obligations upon organization. Benefit ?Easier to administer. ?It can be applied to change the way goods are produced in order to reduce the amount of pollution. ?Regulation can promote business activity. Problem ?This low are not equal all person. ?It measure is very difficult. How many environments is polluted. 4. 5 Strategy taken by the organization Non-compliance Organization produce product own style not follow the government rule & regulation. ?Compliance Produce products obey government rule & regulation. Only polluted permit limit. ?Compliance plus Pollution environment bellow the permit limit. ?Commercial and environmental excellence Organization produce environment pally product and every strategy taken by environment friendly. ?Leading edge You are not only produce environment friendly product but also encourage other competitor counteract environment pollution. 4. 5. 1 which strategy taken by the Rohimafrooz CompanyThis strategy taken depend on Five condition ?Stable context Customer are not aware about environment pollution. For example, Afgwnstan. They are taken non-compliance rule. ? antiphonal Context Some group of people aware of the environment rule and regulation. For example, Bangladesh. They are taken compliance rule. ?Anticipative Context Consumer are more aware the environment pollution. For example, India. They are take compliance plan rule. ?Proactive Context This stage consumer are called view consumer. They are paying extra money to buy environment friendly product. For example, Nuzusland. They take commercial rule. Creative Context Every embody wont to buy environment friendly product. But nobody produce environment friendly product. Then you produce environment friendly product. They take 1Leding edge rule. So Rohimafrooz Company takes compliance strategy for produce product and service. 4. 6 Rohimafrooz Company Effect Environment 4. 6. 1 Negatives side Already Rohimafrooz company pollutio n some environment ?This company use Acid for making IPS & battery. This Acid mixed the air and pollution the environment. ?They are use oil. When barn oil pollution the environment and this company through rabbis bure conga.As a result water are pollution. When water is pollution then Planked, Fish, Bird, distorted. As a result this problem supper the people. The oil penetrates up the structure of the plumage of birds, reducing its insulating ability, and so making the birds more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. It also impairs birds flight abilities to forage and escape from predators. As they attempt to preen, birds typically ingest oil that covers their feathers, causing kidney damage, altered liver function, and digestive tract irritation.This and the limited foraging ability quickly causes dehydration and metabolic imbalances. Hormonal balance alteration including changes in luteinizing protein can also result in some birds exposed to petroleum. 4 Most birds affected by an oil spill die unless there is human intervention. 56 leatherneck mammals exposed to oil spills are affected in similar ways as seabirds. Oil coats the fur of Sea otters and seals, reducing its insulation abilities and leading to body temperature fluctuations and hypothermia. Ingestion of the oil causes dehydration and impaired digestions.Because oil floats on top of water, less sunlight penetrates into the water, limiting the photosynthesis of marine plants and phytoplankton. This, as well as fall the fauna populations, affects the food chain in the ecosystem. citation needed There are three kinds of oil-consuming bacteria. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) and Acid Producing Bacteria are anaerobic, while General Aerobic Bacteria (GAB) are aerobic. These bacteria occur naturally and will act to remove oil from an ecosystem, and their biomass will tend to replace other populations in the food chain. They use various comical such as tama, sisa et c. When it is barn this time hues amount of nicotine mixed in environment. As a result created global worming. Distorted tree and other animal. Ecosystems regenerate after a disturbance such as fire, forming mosaics of different age groups structured across a landscape. Pictured are different seral stages in forested ecosystems starting from pioneers colonizing a disturbed site and maturing in successional stages leading to old-growth forests. The scale and dynamics of time and space must be carefully considered when describing ecological phenomena. 9 In reference to time, it can take thousands of years for ecological processes to mature. The life-span of a tree, for example, can include different successional or seral stages leading to mature old-growth forests. The ecological process is extended even further through time as trees topple over, decay and provide critical habitat as nurse logs or coarse woody debris. In reference to space, the area of an ecosystem can vary greatly fr om tiny to vast. For example, a single tree is of smaller consequence to the classification of a forest ecosystem, but it is of larger consequence to smaller organisms. 10 Several generations of an aphid population, for example, might exist on a single leaf. Inside each of those aphids exist diverse communities of bacteria. 11 Tree growth is, in turn, related to local site variables, such as soil type, moisture content, careen of the land, and forest canopy closure. However, more complex global factors, such as climate, must be considered for the classification and understanding of processes leading to larger patterns spanning across a forested landscape. 12 4. 6. 2 Positive side recently this company take some stop to prevent environment.Such as publics awareness of tree plantation, prevent west of electric etc. And human live make easy. This company try to produce environment friendly product. 4. 7 Future Plan of Rohimafrooz In order to realize the vision of the gov. to provide e lectricity to most pf the population at reasonable price and to a achieve over all ecological development. They find alternative row material which are not pollution the environment. They take sort term, long term plan to prevent environment pollution. They are thinking, how many amount are pollution environment every years.This amount of oxygen are produce. And They try to make green organization in the future. PART FIVE Recommendation 5. 1 Recommendation of RAHIMAFROOZ ?They can spend money for tree plantation. ?They can reduce green houses gases. ?Produce environment friendly product. 5. 2 Overall Recommendation on Report When an issue is detected, there are generally six ways of responding to them ? opposition strategy try to influence the environmental forces so as to negate their impact this is only successful where you have some control over the environmental variable in question ? daptation strategy adapt your marketing plan to the new environmental conditions ? offensive strategy try to turn the new influence into an advantage quick response can give you a competitive advantage ? redeployment strategy redeploy your assets into another industry ? contingency strategies determine a broad range of possible reactions find substitutes ? passive strategy no response study the situation further PART SIX CONCLUSION It is the time of competition. If a company wants to exist in this competition then they have to concern about their environment.They are part of our environment, so they are responsible for any kind of pollution. There is no fixed strategy to win this situation. But in every situation they have to think about their environment. Today consumers are aware buying the environment pollution product. So always try to produce environment friendly product then this company most be success in the future. PART SEVEN 7. 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY The Business Environment by Ian Brooks & Jamie Weatherston. www. rahimafroozbangladeshlimited. com www. wikipedia. com Mr. Mirajul Karim, Deler of RohamafroozLibrary study. 7. 2 Appendix Questionnaire 1. Do you use any IPS & battery A. Yes B. No 2. How is the IPS & battery market in Bangladesh . autonomic nervous system 3. In which sector IPS & battery commonly use. Ans 4. Do you feel that IPS replace generator considering the about questions A. Yes B. No 5. What is your judicial decision about the IPS & battery use. A. Good B. Bad C. Problematic D. No comment 6. Which company do you prefer most. A. Rahamafrooze B. Singer C. Novana D. TCL E. Other 7. What is IPS / Battery bad side. Ans

Characteristics of culture Essay

acculturation is beliefs and values that are divided and influences effectiveness, they interact with formal structure to get doingsal norm. It is shared basic assumptions that are learned when solving problems of internal integration and external adaptation. There has been evolution of pattern of values, rites, practices, rituals and symbols. Culture is pattern of activities of human beings and symbolic structures that display significance of these activities. Characteristics of market-gardening Culture is learned where its values can be transferred into institutions by means of social interaction and exposure to mass media.This exposure is truly important beca physical exercise it reaches everybody and creates awareness about values and beliefs that are shared and no one can lack access to information. A purposeful flori finis offers set out and gives direction and guides in solving behavior of human being because there is a disposed(p) direction to be followed by every one and prim means of solving human behavior. The beliefs and practice must be common to the participation because socialization is shared. Members of the same alliance must have the same acculturation and share in the beliefs and practices that are set by the society.Culture is cumulative because, it is passed from one generation to another and each new generation is aware of the culture it is supposed to follow. This makes culture have a very strong historical and traditional relevance. (Barry, 2002 pp. 11-17) Culture is dynamic. In case of any change in society, it is fit to adapt quickly. This is very important because the world is dynamic and changes can not be avoided at any given eon and most of times changes are for the better due to innovations and changes in technology.Culture is perceived based on what we experience, hear or see. Therefore, we should be careful on what we experience, see with our own eye or hear because it can affect our beliefs either positively or negatively. Culture considers how members perceive things but not whether they like it or not. Sources of culture Culture is transmitted from one person to another through stories containing narrative of events and things like breaking of rules, reaction of past slides where one is disciplined after a mistake is done and the punishment available to wrongdoers.The stories are true but are not meant to link past events with present events but only provide an commentary of the performance of events in order to justify practices that are used currently. Culture can come from rituals which are sequence of activities that repeat themselves in order to reinforce key values. The important goals of the firm, ceremonies for recognition and awards and annual picnics are all considered as rituals. In spiriteder learning institutions, the management academic graduates dress and academic advancement are the rituals that reinforce great value and beliefs.Material symbols can reflect the se riousness of organization and the quality of product and service which reflect organization personality. The facilities layout of offices and buildings and the way of dressing of employees and the cars driven by the superiors are material symbols. whatsoever places have large well organized offices for their staff and allow staff to be members of clubs and take hold places where managers park their vehicles. Symbols create corporate identity by making workers feel special although those who are not recognized may have negative effect.(Castells, 1999 pp. 15-20) verbiage can be used to identify members who belong to a particular culture. By learning the language, people show that they accept the language and culture and are ready top preserve it. In computer companies, there is unique language that is used to describe equipments and key personnel. New employee require more time to learn the language and coding system and once everyone learns the language, it is used as a key denomi nator that unites members to given culture.Culture as civilization The idea of culture developed in Europe in early 19th century and reflected itself in inequalities in European societies, powers and colonies in the world. Culture is identified with civilization and contrasted with nature. Some countries are taken to be more civilized than others and some people are more cultured compared to others. Cultural theorists eliminate mass culture from signification of culture. Culture is what is thought about and said and popular culture is contrasted with anarchy.This is the account in which culture is linked closely with human behavior and pursuit of idol by get bying all matters that concerns us. (Galbraith, 1992 pp. 10-16) In practice, caliber arts, museum and classical music are referred to as culture and the term cultured means the people who know these activities and take part in them. There has been contrast betwixt lowest and highest culture but stress has been put in sophist ication and refinement of high culture being corrupting and human developments which are not natural and distorting nature of human beings.Folk music produced by people who are running(a) express natural life and classical music is superficial. Indigenous people are taken to be noble savages who live authentic lives and are unblemished by capitalists system. Many social scientists do not like monadic culture and opposing culture to the nature and non-elites are cultured just like elites. Symbols are social actors practices and the meaning of such practices. Social actors have common symbols of communication to be able to understand one another bit the same symbols have personal meaning and importance.Symbols limit cultured thoughts and culture members use symbols in framing their thoughts and expressing themselves in intelligible terms because culture is make possible, readable and reproducible by use of symbols. (Poster, 1990 pp. 23-27) Mass media culture Culture is very signifi cant to mass media because it is integrated pattern of belief, human knowledge and behavior which includes ideas, beliefs, codes, tools, institutions and ceremonies. Social paradigm and culture refers to specific society and a specified time.This means that, there is change from time to time and from place to place. Therefore, there is no theory to larn relationship that exists between culture and economical or political elements in a society. The starting point is rejecting versions of crude economists and sophisticated versions that determine elements that are overriding in social formation. Elements which are dominant in social formation can not be determined by economic base but are determined only by creative act, that is, whether the outcome is of social praxis of social individuals activities.Theocratic societys dominant element was cultural and society existed as socialism. In market economies, after introduction of new system in commercial society during industrial revol ution, dominant elements in markets economies were also economic. Means of production was controlled by private ownership which led to economy which was socially controlled and market played major role in market economies due to fundamental self regulating systems and are solved by price mechanism rather than by use of social decisions.Interdependence is the relationship between elements with economic element dominating. There are differences that exist between social paradigm and culture because the scope of culture is great and expresses ideas and values that are not necessarily consistent with dominant institutions and characterizes market economy arts and literature where there is significant freedom given to writers and artists to be able to express their own views freely.But in dominant social paradigm the values and beliefs in market society must be consistent with economic elements where economic institutions that determine dominant elites are economic elites who control pr oduction. Society can not be able to reproduce itself without dominant beliefs and ideas which are consistent with institutional framework. For example, the social paradigm which is dominant is supposed to be dominant with political elements and political institutions which determine party bureaucracy.The future democratic society corresponds with democratic institutions to ensure there are no formal elites in the society though democracies can not function well without sluttish elites. (Baudrillard, 1988 pp. 44-47) Mass media produces reality and does not fake things. Mass media does not manipulate democracy because it is democracy which is faked and not the picture of mass media and this shows the reality of current democracy and defines political reality provided by mass media.Furthermore, there can be distorted picture provided by mass media when reported about what causes crisis conflict between different sections of elites. This is where they show the picture which the sect ions that control them may want to reproduce. For example the media in Anglo-American distorted meaning of Iraqi criminal bombardment in 1998. During the gulf war, there was distortion of what caused the conflict such as who would be in control of oil in the world with legumes of peace loving between the due north and south regimes.Under circumstances like this, mass media is the only one that can tell the truth of the reality when there is division between elites on the way they take political reality. Mass media is very significant whether it is owned by few people or many in order to assist in struggle aiming at social change. For example, division among European elites to join monetary union have led to great discussion by the media on meaning of European integration in Britain where there was split of elites.Similar divisions existed between European and Anglo-American over the Gulf crime which was criminal role of supporters of bombardments. almost economic reality, there is accurate picture provided by mass media on economic reality today. In this case, the media take market economy for granted closing up with partial picture of reality in the economy where what matters most is whether there is rise or fall in prices, rate of exchange, profits and pursual rates. Mass media is not able to see economic problems such as unemployment and poverty and end up faking economic reality.The media is simply able to reflect views of professional politicians, bankers and orthodox economists. (Baudrillard, 1990 pp. 27-31) REFERENCES Barry B. (2002) culture and equality Ingenta connect pp. 11-17. Baudrillard J. (1988) selected writings policy press pp44-47. Baudrillard J. (1990) mass media culture, in the revenge of the crystal Pluto press pp27-31. Castells M. (1999) society and culture Sage pub pp15-20. Galbraith J. (1992) the culture of contentment Danny reviews pp10-16. Poster M. (1990) Baudrillard and TV in the mode of information polity pp23-27.

National Parks

Within National Parks the beauty of the landscape is preserved, the public is given memory feeler to much of the countryside wildlife and important buildings are protected and traditional farming methods encouraged. A national pose authority (NPA) administers each National Park. National Parks hire beautiful upland scenery with hills, moors, lakes and forest, and in slightly, spectacular coasts. The growth of the leisure industry to chanceher with mass car ownership means that more masses are visiting National Parks.These changes have brought both opportunities and problems for these field of operationss. They are two named examples of such similarity with this, and those are Stickle Ghyll and Tarn Hows which are two areas based in the Lake District National Park. The Lake District is situated North West of England on the coast, it is East from the Isle of Man and Ireland and it is one of the most popular national super Cs visited by tourists every year. It has also experienc ed advantages but also disadvantages and that makes it a good example to use.Rural touristry, in National Parks, like the Lake District brings umteen opportunities such as money into the area from the growing number of visitors. The money is put forward to build more services to provide for the visitors needs and to get resources to handle the growing number of tourists. Also more visitors that pursue provide more jobs, which tend to be seasonal but popular. Roads and railways are salutary maintained within the Lake District and also access is made easier, which does increase the number of visitors.The National Park is located in an area where you can access it by motorway and its within a good amount of travel time for everyone in the country. Communities remain alive as people stay to use locally in the area. And a rich cultural life survives as audiences are supplemented by visitors on spend. There is a huge importance of tourism in the Lake District, as most jobs are linke d with tourism. This includes retailing, catering, transport etc.Although they are many opportunities that rural tourism brings, there are also impacts brought to the area by this development. Being in a National Park, poor local roads get crowded at peak times causing affair congestion. 90% of the 10 million visitors come by car. Car parks fill up and grass verges are damaged by illegal pose- parking demand exceeds supply. Footpaths are eroded by the large numbers of walkers- erosion on footpaths is a continuing problem. When they are too many visitors, weekend holiday traffic prevents some local activities to take place. Bridleways become muddy with the increased number of mountain bikers and horse riders. Some settlement and sites become all over crowded to the point where their attractiveness is threatened- honeypot sites. House prices rise out of the reach of local young people as second home buyers behave in from the large urban areas.Local people convert houses into holid ay cottages and reduce the number available to local people. Farmers have their working land invaded by visitors causing damage to fences, crops and animals. There is a loss of privacy and considerable extra noise in the area and constant questions from fieldwork groups causing restlessness for residents. bedding material dropped by the high number of tourists, can choke animals, walls are damaged and people park across field gates. Limestone pavements are worn down, animal and kit and boodle diversity suffers.Some efforts have been made to manage these challenges. The National Park Visitor Centre and Education Service try to educate people closely conservation. Litter bins have been removed and visitors seem to be learning to take their litter home. Footpaths have been reinforced and it provides alternative routes. This is a similar situation at Stickle Ghyll, were specific paths, gravel and rock boulders have been the solution to avoid erosion. In this area, they have been many causes of erosion, like the rivers, the animals. Fencing has been put up to percentage point animals like sheep going into vegetation areas. In this area in England, a lot of rain falls causing major erosion in some areas, with around 2000 mm a year.Visitor pressure has been another cause of erosion. A rerouting bridge has been discovered, hard wearing boulders have been inserted and sign posting and reading have been provided. An open access agreement was made by local farmers in the countryside stewardship scheme. Landowners have entered into wall maintenance agreements with English nature. Other solutions have been providing park and ride schemes on the edges of the sensitive areas.For example, the car parks at Tarn Hows are located outside the preserved area near the minor roads or nearby footpaths for easier disabling access. Ensuring that affordable new housing is built for local people, and not for them to feel abandoned from the high impact of tourism. Focusing demand on h oneypot sites and accepting they will be sacrificed for the sake of other areas. Like Tarn Hows, in seasonal months a large number of people tend to come here by the lake for recreation and during good weather its always tense (honeypot site). Another final solution is demanding that quarrying is landscaped during and after use.

Nelson Mandela Essay

In order to achieve something great, you must hurl desire, you must truly want it from the bottom of your heart. Born July 18, 1918, in a small town in South Africa, Nelson Mandela had the greatest passion to do everything to win his inelegants independence. He fought for the rights of blacks in South Africa and for mixed-up spate close to the world. Motivated by his actions, the president of South Africa, P.W. Botha, imprisoned Mandela for twenty-seven years. When he was released in 1990, he immediately came back into the fight he had left for so long. He was elected president by the people of South Africa in 1994. His term in office ended in 1999, however, he still fought for racial equality and peace. Mandela died on December 5, 2013, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Although he has passed, his legacy still exists around the world today. Nelson Mandela should be the man of the carbon because he helped bring an end to apartheid in South Africa and his leadership not exactly af fected the people of his bucolic, but also people all around the world.According to Biography in Context, at the age of 24, Mandela joined the African National Congress which was a gathering who worked to establish social and political rights for blacks in South Africa. Mandelas actions in the ANC caused him to be put in prison. Mandela stated that, his organization only wanted equal rights for South Africans of all races, and added that the only modal value they would show their unfelicitousness was by nonviolent disruptive tactics (Contemporary Black Biography 2). The ANC became illegal causing Mandela to form the Spear of the Nation which was a group that directed sabotage actions against government installations and other symbols of apartheid. These acts of violence resulted in life in prison for Mandela. Although he was cut-off from the entire world, he never lost hope, and the people never forgot this courageous leader. On February 11, 1990, one of the most prodigious events of the year, Mandela was free for the first time in twenty-seven years. In 1993, the nation was moving imminent to free andfair elections. On Election Day, in the first-ever democratic election, Mandela had been victorious, and became the first ever black president of the Republic of South Africa.During his presidency, Mandela focused on issues such(prenominal) as, health, housing, education, and the development of public utilities and economic stability. The government also introduced legislation requiring workplace safety, overtime pay, and minimum wages (Contemporary Black Biography 5). Mandela improved his countries living honourable in the short years that he was in office. The spoken communication that once came out of young Mandelas mouth, I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in unity and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal wh ich I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die (Contemporary Black Biography 3). These words show the power and passion behind the heart of Mandela. He was willing to die for the freedom of his people like Christ died for our sins. The love he had for his country was like the love a mother and father have for their children. His courage, strength, and dedication changed the world forever.Mandelas actions were too tremendous to only affect the little country of South Africa. His actions affected many places around the world. He encouraged many people to stand up for their rights of freedom. Although people such as President Reagan, match to NBC News, said the ANC was a terrorist group and they should not be praised and represented around the world because it engaged in, calculated terrorthe mining of roads, the bombing of public places, intentional to bring about further repression (Robert Windrem). I, along with many other peo ple, do not believe this is true. Mandela was only fighting for the freedom which his country deserved, fighting for the happiness of his people, and fighting for the generations to come. The actions that Mandela took were only caused by the first sight of violence from the British police. If you were being controlled, and forced to live your life the way certain people wanted, wouldnt you do whatever you could to stop it?Nelson Mandela left a legacy that will last for hundreds of years. Theapartheid movement that he led in South Africa, not only affected South Africans, but also affected nations on the other side of the globe. He is a man who will stand out from any other in the past and upcoming centuries. I believe that Nelson Mandela is the man of the century because the world, today, would not be the same if he had never fought for the rights that we all deserve. workings CitedContemporary Black Biography, . Biography in Context. Nelson Mandela. Contemporary Black Biography, 05 Dec 2013. Web. 13 Apr 2014. Windrem, Robert. NBC News. Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008. NBC News, 07 Dec 2013. Web. 13 Apr 2014.

The Arctic Monkeys album Whatever People Say I Am Thats What Im Not and the reality TV Show Popstars

The frosty Monkeys album Whatever People Say I Am Thats What Im Not and the reality TV Show Popstars The Rivals which produced the skirt Girls clamorously used innovative but very different merchandise techniques to sell themselves to their marking audiences. How pretend those strategies changed from previous techniques to make melody to a greater extent accessible to audiences? The medicament fabrication is a terra firmawide business covering many genres and it is hard to define it as whizz star thing. Within the medical specialty industry argon a large range of different markets, all(prenominal) targeting their products and musicians to very different audiences.There are many aspects to the music industry that need to be con steadred in foothold of photograph, audience, audience size and genre. These will all affect the way a caboodle is marketed to its audience. It is well known that making it in the music industry as an artist is no easy task. Over the past 40-5 0 eld, many great deals hasten tried and fai conduct spectacularly. However, almost pitch flourished and made their mark in music history, much(prenominal) examples include The Beatles, mogul and The Rolling St is.Audiences that need to be considered by music marketers are divided into a wide range of categories such as term, gender, occupation, social grouping, region etc. In ball club to target specific audiences effectively, bands whitethorn need to be branded in a certain way. branding is usually described in terms of products and is where the product is given a certain go through and personality traits in order to put forward to its audience. For example, the brand Levis describes itself as finishy, Original and Ameri weed therefore personifying its products.In terms of bands, branding should incorporate image and music style, especially when targeting niche groups of people. Over the years, there have been unresolved differences in audience, turn inn by their different personal images e. g. Punks, Mods, Grungers, Goths etc. Marketing of bands has to adapt and be completely specific to the typical audience of that music genre and so must be presented in an appropriate style that will sell their music. People are eager to buy into the brand of a band by incorporating that certain image into their personal appearance and lifestyle.For many bands, advanceal tactics must fiercely focussing on image to sell the product to that event audience who are themselves branded a certain way. This effort by record labels to promote bands by appealing and emphasizing a certain image is becoming increasingly hot. Scissor Sisters are one example of a band whos image is a primal focus of who they are and what they do. Their image is apparent(a) of records companies efforts to appeal to particular audience niches.Although in the USA Scissor Sisters have had much less achiever than they have had in Britain (many main stores such as Wal*Mart did in fac t refuse to stock the beginning(a) album due to their image and confrontal) they unbosom vigorously emphasize their happy, camp image. In their videos they have used varying techniques to play on the minds of sexuality in our redbrick society, thus creating a new and varied piece which is not comparable with anything from the past. They oft use a colourful range of backdrops which are sometimes quite cosmic or fantastical (e. g. in the videos for I Dont Feel Like Dancin and come across Your Mama. in one of their earlier videos for the sensation Filthy Gorgeous MTV were forced to eventually stop showing much of the content of the video as it contained sexually semi-explicit scenes.This did cause some controversy as complaints were made about the content of the video, this only sought to increase popularity and radio air play of the single which eventually achieved a chart position of digit 5 in January 2005 and number one in the dance chart. Scissor Sisters although new in terms of its topical coverage of sexuality too dates back to the era of glam rock, their influences are a resembling seen to be varying e. the Bee Gees, Duran Duran, Queen, David Bowie etc. Therefore they may appeal to some of the older generations as well as to members of the gay scene, for whom they have sustain a major symbol in British society. They have also broadened to go on a younger audience done their success in the UK Charts and usual air play on radio stations aimed at the 11-25/30 age group such as Radio 1. This in itself shows how the branding and image of a band is adamantly important if people are going to trust to relate and buy into the music and values of that band and why it is such a major focus for record companies.A major tool for music marketers in recent years has been the Internet. From vinyl to cassettes to CDs to downloading files, music has get uped with technology over the past 40 years. The increasing accessibility for people to music was brou ght about originally by the increasing metrical composition of record stores and increasing interest in different music. In the early 1970s, for example, Richard Branson originally ran a mail order service for buying records, this consequently spring uped into Virgin Megastore, a high street chain that made music readily available to a larger audience.The development of access to music get overd steadily throughout this period with the introduction of much(prenominal)(prenominal) music extravaganzas such as festivals and in the 1980s, the launch of MTV, the introductory video channel to be entirely music oriented. The development in technology allowed widespread access to different audiences, as nearly every media segment began to cover aspects of music e. g. TV, Radio, genre specific clippings etc. It fast became difficult to avoid exposure to music and its marketing.The rise in popularity of the internet as a promotional medium today demonstrates this idea. In recent y ears, the Internet has fit far more accessible to more people. This has led to increases in Internet marketing as a new way of letting everyone know about an artist. It is reasonably cost effective and the audience is a mass one, spanning the entire world (the number of people apply the internet worldwide (as of November 27th 2006) was estimated at 1,076,203,987) A recent positive example of Internet marketing fuck be seen in the rise of the band The Arctic Monkeys to fame.The bands marketing strategy has been clear-cut in showing the importance of fans to a bands success. This began in 2003, after several gigs, the Arctic Monkeys decided to burn their tracks onto CDs to give away for free to fans. Due to limited copies, many of the fans ripped the music onto their computers in order to share the files with others through mediums such as exigent messaging, e-mails and forums. The band did not object to the change magnitude sharing of files, although this was technically illega l, as it led to increased popularity of the band, as they became better known.This batch be determine through an article and chart written by Heather Hopkins (Director Of Research for Hitwise UK website), November 11th 2005, shown in Figure 1 in the appendix and supported by the following(a) quotation The beginning chart below shows that in April, when the band was virtually unknown, visits to www. arcticmonkeys. com came from chat rooms and blogs. Search engines became a more important stem of visits in June as the bands name recognition grew. This clearly demonstrates the importance of viral marketing to the success of the band. umteen mainstream music brands are slightly wary of viral marketing, despite its benefits it can prove quite banish and can also lead to illegal sharing and music being leaked onto the Internet prior to its ex officio release, for example in 2002, Eminems album Encore was leaked on to the internet and the promoters were forced to bring the date of o fficial release forward. As much as bands can gain high acclaim and popularity through forum and chat room discussion, there is also the risk they could gain a lot of negative criticism, which would admonish people from buying their music and merchandise.Another example of effective Internet marketing, also used by The Arctic Monkeys and many other bands, are sites such as My shoes and Yahoo music. My Space offers bands own personal pages where people can easily leave their own comments on the songs and the bands performance at recent gigs as well as listening to the songs free of charge or accessing previews of up and coming releases. Many bands also publish their tour dates on My Space.My Space has generally appealed to a mass, younger audience from around 13-30 of both sexes, this is typically as a lot of the music promoted by My Space is new and there are fewer My Spaces for some of the older bands and therefore there is forgetful to interest older audiences. It is also widel y believed that todays young people are of the scientific revoloution and the general acceptance is that computers are of more interest to them than some other older audience members. The popularity of My Space is now leading to other websites such as Bebo and Xanga being formed which offer similar services.This again broadens the scope by which music promoters can human beingsise their musicians to different audiences. Rupert Murdoch, the owner of BskyB, The Times, News Of The World and The insolate recently purchased (through his international company News Corp. ) the company Intermix Media Inc which own My Space among other themed social networking websites for $580 million. Murdoch is often seen as a dominant consider in British Media, and in force(p)ly so as he owns two of the leading newspapers.He is thought to be partially responsible for swinging to the side of the Labour party in 1997 and there by causing the election of PM Tony Blair, who soon became a close ally of M urdochs, much like Thatcher beforehand him. Many British citizens feel threatened by Murdochs media power, yet passive many of them buy into the My Space idea and the revenue continues building as more and more diverse and newly established bands start using My Space as the beginning of their steps to promote music. Increased hits on the site mean more powerful companies advertising in association with My Space, therefore leading to higher annual revenue for Murdoch.This shows evidence of the importance of internet advertising to modern business. Yahoo Music is another excellent promotional tool, which has a wide variety of music videos available free for public viewing. It also runs special features on certain bands as well as exclusive interviews and performances. This has proved extremely popular with bands and promoters alike, as it is a cheap form of marketing which is also highly effective. It requires little advertising as most fans of the bands are already aware of the ba nds website and they are usually linked to their My Space etc.Viral marketing acts as the main promotional form behind the internet promotion phenomenon. Viral marketing refers to marketing techniques that use existing social networks to increase brand awareness, they may include many internet based mediums such as blogs (many bands use blogs to create on tour diaries e. g. Watford based band Mohair. ) chat rooms and instant messaging are also forms of Viral marketing. Throughout the 20th century, technology has experienced many developments and decades of technological advance, in particular in more media orientated areas. For example, the 50s became the era of the goggle box.More and more families owned television sets in the UK and this was clear when 20 million tuned in on the 2nd of June 1953 to watch the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. This showed just how popular television was becoming as a medium for broadcasting what was going on in the world. This technological revolut ion continues today as we go through what has become widely known as The digital revolution. Television has expanded further to include more and more channels, which can appeal to smaller, niche audiences. This has been of great value to musicians and their promoters they can now target their audience more specifically.For example, a band like the Arctic Monkeys who have become more of a mainstream rock act may be promoted through general chart music channels such as TMF and The Hits who appeal to those raise in that area of music. On the other hand, acts like Marilyn Manson and Iron Maiden may be promoted on Kerrang As they are aimed at a more niche audience and are not so much part of the chart music industry. Kerrang Is already an established brand in itself, the magazine from which it originates was first published in 1981 and originally covered a lot of new wave British metal.If people have certain expectations of a television channel, they can make the decision as to whether it interests them or not and if it does the niche audience for that genre can be targeted effectively by the music promoters. The increase in channels has led to a wider variety in television broadcasting. As a result, to keep the publics interest, terrestrial channel corporations such as the BBC and ITV have acquire they need to develop newer more innovative programmes to keep up their audience figures.This is particularly important for Channels 4, 5 and ITV, Who unlike the BBC receive no public funding and gain all their income from advertisers. In order to increase viewing figures and boost profits, the channels have tried many different tactics and one of these has been the increasing development of Reality TV. Reality television is a genre of programming in itself, which usually presents unscripted pieces and may document actual events or people.The use of real people instead of actors has led to a real explosion in the use of reality TV since around 2000 when Big companion b egan in the UK. Comparatively to 10 years ago it is now much easier to become a celebrity, and in a society that is becoming more and more celebrity obsessed, this has increased the popularity of reality shows where normal every day people are documented. The audience almost craves the fly on the wall type objective where they are able to perceive and form their own judgements of others through surveillance.Simon Fullers Pop beau ideal originally kicked off the music and talents based reality television we know today. Simon Fuller was well know already in the music industry for being the manager of the Spice Girls during their highly successful mid-1990s period. He was also responsible for the band S Club 7 who were formed to appear in the childrens television serial LA 7 and Miami 7. The idea for Pop Idol proved exceedingly popular in the UK as hopeful singers entertained the nation with notorious displays of talent on our television screens.Fuller went on to develop this idea in other countries such as America. The first series of American Idol was highly successful and was responsible for the discovery of Kelly Clarkson, now a hugely popular international pop star. The basic format of the programme has led to various spin offs including more recently X Factor and in September 2002 Popstars The Rivals, which resulted in the band Girls aloud. The show aimed to whittle down the thousands of contenders that auditioned to just two 5 piece groups of boys and girls, One True Voice and Girls Aloud.The current success of Girls Aloud has proved that even manufactured bands can succeed in the record industry if they are promoted and marketed in the right way. A manufactured band is a group of people put together by a record company, or in this case a television show in order to make a profit and give publicity to the medium through which they are published. Manufactured bands are often selected because of looks rather than actual talent in an attempt to appeal to a modern society where beauty and appearance is clearly adamantly important.In relation to Reception Analysis however, not everyone reacts in the same way to the presentation of these manufactured bands, although younger audiences may seem them as figures they can aspire to be, critics often think of manufactured bands as being damaging to the music industry and synthetically artificial. In the 1960s, the first manufactured band The Monkees were brought together as the central focus for a television show of the same name in LA, California. However, the real era of the generic manufactured girl/boy bands began in the nineties.In an attempt to focus on a younger audience, record companies compiled different individuals with certain images in order to appeal to different segments of that audience. Bands such as The Spice Girls, Atomic Kitten, Take That, N*Sync and Backstreet Boys all enjoyed chart success in the nineties and many critics have now built a formula of these bands that is easily recognisable. The media critics and the public have developed a definite dislike for these manufactured artists. Therefore it is questionable as to why Girls Aloud have been so successful.Girls Aloud have been innovatively marketed right from the start of their careers in 2002. They began as contestants on a television show and viewers watched their progress all the way to the final. The Uses and Gratifications theory suggests that for a television show to captivate its audience, it should incorporate certain methods that allow the viewers to interact, relate and enjoy watching the characters in the programme. In the case of Girls Aloud, following their progress allowed viewers to develop personal relationships with the girls as they were regularly featured on an almost daily basis between September and December of 2002.An added benefit to the band was that their first single Sound Of The Underground was put up against their rivals One True Voice for Christmas Number one tha t year, this in itself generated considerable publicity for the band. In Chart history, the Christmas number one shows a true landmark for an artist and to reach is considered a yearly achievement. Girls Aloud succeeded in gaining the Christmas number one position for that year push button their opponents to one side.Again, the idea of Girl Power, originally an element of the Spice Girls in the nineties was some what revived which may have given the band further appeal, especially to a younger audience. The beginnings of Girls Aloud and the Popstars The Rivals show generated a lot of media interest especially from the tab key newspapers. Particularly, the scandal involving potential band compeer being disqualified from the show, or in the case of Nicola Ward, refusing to sign the contract. This proved to be good for the group and initiated promotion of the bands image, even before the television series end.When Girls Aloud then officially began their career as a band they had eff ectively been given a boost already by the television shows and so they already had an established fan base, giving them much advantage over bands starting from scratch. This was a similar tactic to that used by The Monkees 40 years previously, however developments in technology and increased television ownership and availability of channels made this all the more effective for Girls Aloud. From these origins, Girls Aloud have been marketed using many different media forms.The girls themselves are seen as the typical models of female perfection that are such role models to young girls. They are regularly featured in such gossip magazines as Heat, Closer and OK And so they are a central focus in todays modern celebrity obsessed society. Girls Aloud have been described as remaining constant tabloid fodder. Suggesting their marketing strategy is to gain as much press guardianship as possible in order to increase their music and merchandise sales. In June 2006, the band successfully ge nerated a large amount of press coverage through a variety of stories and scandals in the tabloids and celebrity magazines.One such example was the press coverage of Cheryl Tweedys relationship with Ashley Cole and her holidaying with the WAGS at the World Cup. This was a frequent feature throughout the summer months in all the gossip magazines and red top tabloids. Although not planned as such, this also acted as a promotional tool for the band as Cheryl, as their representative, was showing a more glamorous, rich image. Her association with well known celebrities e. g. Victoria Beckham also meant that she was receiving more media attention for the band from a larger audience which could potentially increase their international scope of fans and record sales.This increase of public interest may have also been part of the plan to further promote the bands other promotional tactics, for example their Fly-On-The-Wall Documentary Girls Aloud Off the Record. Image is of course a central focus of the Girls Aloud current marketing strategy, they have a large male fan base and so their portrayal must be one that emanates both beauty and sex appeal as it is common media knowledge that Sex Sells. A recent criticism of bands like Girls Aloud and other popular female media figures is that they are projecting a bad image as role models to younger females.Society has quickly become celebrity obsessed, especially as it is now more easy to become a celebrity than ever and the perfect body image has never been more important in the media than it is now. ingest disorders in young females are increasingly being blamed on the media as people strive for perfection. This problem has been largely illustrated recently by the decision by Milan Fashion Week to not include the so called Stick thin women and also Spanish fashion Week Ban on skinny models. However, anorexia is still proving a continuing problem in this country.Another flaw in the bands representation was in January 2003 when Cheryl Cole became involved in an disturbance in a nightclub with a toilet attendant, Cole was subsequently charged with racially aggravated assault (She apparently called the toilet attendant a mordant bitch among other racial insults) and later convicted to a i500 fine and 120 hours community service. This story was a major one in 2003 for all the tabloids and gossip magazines and did little to enhance the girls image as a whole.Four years on from this incident, the girls have been constantly striving to move away from this negative press to gain a more positive image, but one that still exudes beauty and sex appeal. Through promotion of the band Girls Aloud, the image focus means that they are always expected to have a certain glamorous look, if this is not achieved they are likely to receive criticism. However, music promoters must be careful in how they deal with the sensitive issue of eating disorders in relation to their band members in order to keep the press happy a nd in order to keep fans satisfied.Certain expectations are put on major female media icons appearances, and as suggested by the hypodermic needle theory, if the audience see these icons, they may connote certain beliefs about their image. The hypodermic needle theory suggests that the audience are passively fed these values and ideas and as todays societys obsession with personal image becomes stronger, it is clear the issue needs to be tackled delicately by celebrities and bands such as Girls Aloud.Berger suggested that Men act women appear and this is true to some extent in the case of Girls Aloud, despite their appeal to a younger audience, they often flaunt their sexuality to gain media attention and attention from fans. However they are in some control as they conduct the publicity and their ultimate aim is to entertain fans and make a profit. Figure 3 (See Appendix) is from the magazine Arena published by company EMAP. The magazine is promoted as a more male adult read than L ad Mags such as FHM and Maxim and may focus on more of a B, C1, C2 audience category.It runs a variety of articles on food, films, technology, sex, fitness, music etc and this cover is taken from the March 2005 issue. This front cover features two members of Girls Aloud Sarah Harding and Cheryl Tweedy. Many connotations are immediately apparent from this cover, connotations which demonstrate the ideas behind their image focussed promotional strategy. The stance of the two girls and their clothing immediately gives suggestion of sexual innuendo, the girls are selling the magazine on this image as it is likely to be the first thing someone will see when they pick it up.The colour of their outfits, black again fits in with the idea of sexual connotations and the fact that Sarah seems to be holding on and in control of Cheryl acts as another sexual suggestion. The image has been taken at a low angle and is lit quite dimly, the lower angle may seek to show their features as well as pic ture them as quite domineering and women of sexual prowess, the dim lighting adds enigma to the scene which fits with the subheading Warning contains scenes of an adult nature and encourages the reader to buy the magazine to see whats inside. Although not typical of all Girls Aloud promotional tactics in written media, this front cover focuses on one segment of their target audience effectively. A more recently developed promotional technique for many celebrities are so called Fly on the Wall documentaries, popularised by programmes like The Osbournes and Newly Weds. Girls Aloud were quick to follow in the footsteps of these programmes when in April 2006 they launched the six-part series Girls Aloud Off the Record on E4.This promotional tactic was a little different to effected tactics used by bands for many years, such as posing for magazine covers. It aimed to show the realities of life within the band and in contrast to their image based promotion, it showed the regular ups and downs of the band. This insight into the band could have varying affects on audience members, the idea that they are plucked from obscurity to become Britains most successful girl group ever could induce personal identity with the band members.There is a realisation here that they were just routine people before they formed the group, therefore the audience may better understand their hectic lives and can relate to that as members themselves of our fast paced modern society. The idea behind this promotional tactic would have been to increase awareness of the band and to also encourage people to re-form personal relationships with the band members as they may have done during Popstars The Rivals.Again, showing the realities of life in the band, like Viral marketing, may have a negative impact on the audience, but it still generates publicity. The chess opening sequence of Episode One Girls Aloud Off The Record demonstrates and connotes some of the ideas and values at the base of th e bands formation. The opening shot shows the girls being introduced on a stage type setting, with curtains slowly drawing back to reveal them all dancing, this is then quickly followed by some fast edited shots of some of their promotion e. g. press taking pictures, performing, photo shoots etc.The colour and clothing codes used here are very glamorous and colourful and are likely to appeal to the younger trendy female audience that are often seen as one of the bands targeted fan bases. The image of glamour and of the girls having a good time is then balanced out by some more negative portrayals which show Girls Aloud in a contrasting light e. g. showing them swearing, some of the tabloid headlines are shown about them, arguments etc. This juxta-pose of two images acts as a teaser as to what is to come in the programme and even for those unfamiliar with the band, they may still be drawn in to watching the show.Syd Fields theory, although more generally applied to film, can still be applied here and demonstrates the importance of the first 5 minutes of a programme being essential for captivating an audience. In order for marketers to successfully gain fans of the band, the captive audience must be able to gain both surveillance and personal relationships to keep them interested. In this case, the use of voiceovers, talking head shots and the non diagetic sound of one of there popular single in the background seeks to intensify the audiences curiosity.The interviews and shots seem a very random selection of clips and are enigmatic enough to encourage viewers to keep watching. Although the band is shown in two different lights here, it is clear the glamour could still potentially appeal to audience members and encourage them to relate and therefore like the band. In the past, other bands have also generated publicity through television appearances, on shows such as Top of the Pops, Later With Jools Holland and Friday Night With Jonathan Ross.These are seen as mo re sieve promotional tactics used by PR not to unavoidably directly advertise the band to the audience, but to target those who do not necessarily normally take an interest in celebrities and the music industry and who can be reintroduced into that idea through general television viewing. Some of the less conventional techniques used by bands have succeeded in generating the most publicity. One such example is the well renowned incident of punk rock band The Sex Pistols appearing on the early evening broadcast of the Today programme on the 1st of December 1976.Having taken full advantage of facilities backstage and following copious amounts of alcohol, the band caused outrage amongst viewers by openly swearing and being offensive to the equally drunk host Bill Grundy, whose career ended abruptly as a consequence. This Filth and Fury prompted increased public interest in the UK punk scene that was developing at the time and although it led to hostile press and local authorities can celling gigs, it generated much publicity and for the band and reinforced the rebellious punk image.The bands continued antics built them a reputation which increased their popularity amongst teenage audiences, who were eager to rebel against societies codes and conventions of that time. This proves that even risqui promotional tactics such as that of the Sex Pistols can prove hugely successful and they are still a world renowned band to this day. Music promotional techniques have expanded in recent years with the development of new technology and trends and continue to be highly innovative.The Digital revolution has played a major part in this with new areas for advertising such as the Internet and more Television channels aimed at different market segments. The strategies have developed from some earlier successful music promotion tactics to effectively portray musician image and to also target more specific, niche audiences. The internet is likely to remain core to this developin g range of promotion and with increasing numbers of people downloading songs online, and it may well dominate all future marketing techniques.