Aggressive acts in popular TV programmes Essay Example for Free

Aggressive manages in popular TV programmes EssayIn this piece of coursework I am trying to discern out whether aggressive acts in popular TV programmes cause children to act more violently. The participants used in this experiment will be children aged amid 5 and 10. I think that the more aggressive acts there are in the popular TV programmes the more aggressive the child will act after watching the programme.Most of us recognise incursion when we see it but the reason the person is being aggressive we find hard to determine. superstar common route to determine aggression is by saying there are 2 types instrumental and hostile aggression. Instrumental aggression is used to hit a specific goal, perhaps to protect yourself or to try and get your own way. This form of aggression is not alship canal accompanied by anger. antipathetic aggression is aimed at damaging some sensation or something, and is often done in anger.The social discipline theory says that we learn not only through and through reinforcement but also by discover another(prenominal) people and imitating their behaviour, which is called observational learning. A psychologist named Albert Bandura studies of aggression are based on the teachings of the social learning theory. He ready out the following pointsObservationAlways we are watching people, and children in particular spend a lot of time observing others. While observing others they pick up on what they say and how they say it. The see how other people react to what is said or done, and observe the consequences of other peoples behaviour.If the behaviour is imitated by the observer we know the behaviour has been learned. For example a boy might kick his teddy bear in the same way as he seen his hero in a survey punch another character. The child may imitate the sounds which the hero in a cartoon makes. If the hero was rewarded or shown admiration for its actions in the cartoon then the child is more likely to imitate the he ros behaviour. This is an example of vicarious reinforcement.ReinforcementIf the child is rewarded for its actions it is more likely to perform the behaviour. If the boy imitates a character on the TV and is rewarded by the carer the behaviour is likely to continue. If the carer disapproves of the behaviour of the child and punishes then the child is less(prenominal) likely to perform the behaviour again.Albert Banduras Research On AggressionAlbert Bandura performed a number of experiments which focused on the effect of children watching an adult behave aggressively.For example, Bandura and friends (1961) set up for an adult to hit and kick a large inflatable doll (called a Bobo doll) whilst the child was in the room. Afterwards the child had a chance to act upon with a variety of toys, including the doll, whilst the adult was present. Bandura in later experiments changed this procedure, because he showed a child a film of someone being aggressive to the doll in the environmental condition. In the control condition children watched a non-violent film. They were watched afterwards whilst playing and a number of incidents of aggression were noted. When participants were asked to replicate as much of the models behaviour as they could remember, most were able to do so accurately regardless of whether the model had been reinforced or punished. Some of the children who had not been aggressive towards the doll, even though they could do so accurately when asked. These children had learned the behaviour even though they did not imitate it.The Role Of The Media In AggressionBanduras investigate indicated that children could learn new ways of being aggressive from their observation of models. This raised the question of what role the media might play in encouraging aggression and violence in society. The way aggression and violence in films, cartoons, TV programmes, computer games and books are presented provides models which children and adults may imitate. As a re sult of this, there was a huge increase in the research to discover the level and type of violence shown in the media, and what role the medias presentation of violence might play in aggressive behaviour.T. Williams and colleagues (1986), studied children in troika Canadian towns and were compared to discover whether television had an influence on their levels of aggression. At the start of the study, one town had no television (Notel), another town had one product line (Unitel) and a third had several channels (Multitel). A year later Notel had one channel, Unitel had two channels. The researchers measured childrens levels of aggression before channels were added and again one year afterwards. The observed the children in playgrounds, and asked teachers and children to rate aggression. Aggression both verbally and physically increased after Notel children began watching TV, and this for both boys and girls. In addition Williams found a positive correlation between the amount of t ime a child watched TV and the amount of aggression he or she showed.

Universe in 1850-1914 Essay Example for Free

Universe in 1850-1914 EssayScience in the period of the posterior half of the 19th century to the wee years of 20th provides a rather busy picture for the scientific community in identifying the extent of the universe. In the previous generations, the universe was perceived to be an only small patch of space occupied by some considerable amount of celestial bodies. However, collect to the expansion of industrialism and technology in the West, more and more aspects of the true beginnings and characteristics of the universe were uncovered. With the use of instruments, science was able to reveal that the actual composition of the universe is non merely influenced by planets and stars. There are other materials in various elemental forms which can be found in the vast space. Also, theories were formulated most the true nature of the start of the universe itself which is in direct contrast to the previous generations of materialism which asserts that the universe has always exist ed (Koestler, 2003). The materialism approach was definitely redact into fiction in this era.The more modern approach of science about the universe was deeply presented by the Big Bang and Relativity theories in the early 20th century. In terms of the philosophy about humanitys true significance in the universe, many scientists believed that human existence is just another(prenominal) segment of the evolutionary line of events. The philosophy of the same scientific community between late 1800 and early 1900 provided a rather radical approach in presenting that there is a certain design pattern which allowed humans and other biological entities to exist.The design is not a correspondence to the true goal of the base of the universe rather it is a design which would permit life to exist. The previously accepted Darwinian approach was considered as just the supporting fact to this philosophy.ReferencesKoesteler, A. 2003. A Century of Discoveries in Physics. Retrieved November 8 2007 from http//www. creationofuniverse. com/html/materialism. html.

Edward Estlin Cummings Essay Example for Free

Edward Estlin Cummings EssayEdward Estlin Cummings or E. E. Cummings,as he was popularly called was an American poet, painter, essayist, author, and playwright. His body of work encompasses approximately 2,900 poems, two autobiographical novels, four plays and several essays, as well as numerous drawings and paintings. He is remembered as a preeminent voice of 20th century poetry. One of his major work is the poem I thank You God. The poem by e. e. cummings, titled I thank you God for most this frightful suggests a way of perception that differs from ordinary vision. We notice first in this poem that the day itself is seen as amazing the spirits of trees that leap suggest their form the sky is a blue true dream, and everything is natural, infinite and yes. The speaker is almost breathless he hardly pauses, having no space even between his semi-colons. We find the poet both dead, then reborn in his communication with the earth and with nature he is gradually converted into a ne w realm of awareness. As in the case of any small child, he views the earths existence in the language of his newfound cognizancehe is reborn, thus so is the solarise and life and love and wings, even the earth itself.All things are new precisely because he is renewed. Next, his senses become the conduits to the metaphysical. By the word God he could cockeyed a personal deity or a pantheist unity unimaginable in essence. The gist of the poem speaks more effectively to the formerglorying in the senses arises from gratitude, which begs a subject. It would be difficult to be grateful to impersonality. Rather, the poem takes on a sacramental meaning the poet penetrates the world, and the earth itselfas it shouldbecomes the conduit to unearthly faith.The speaker is finite, a human scarce being grasping for the unimaginable infinite, and discovering faith through what is in other words, through the physicality of the earth surrounding him. Hence, he concludes, directly the ears of my ears awake and/now the eyes of my eyes are opened, an allusion to a common motif running through much of the Christian Scriptures. Ecclesiastes, for instance, contains a lament for the eye not fill with seeing the prophet Isaiah condemns those with ears who do not hear because of hardened hearts.The poets enlightenment, interestingly, begins with gratitude and an appreciation for nature, the sun and sky, and this is what leads to life and love and wings, all of which erase doubt. This is an unusual route to enlightenment, and unalike pantheism (which in its many forms begins with a fundamental rejection of nature as illusory and ends with the abdication of the self). Rather, cummings affirms with humility his humanity and all of nature, the great happening illimitably earth. The lick he describes thus begins with thanks and revelry in the senses and ends with faith and enlightenment.

Outdoor Recreation And Leisure Tourism Essay

exterior cheer And Leisure Tourism EssayOutdoor diversion and leisure cadence is truly present in the Mauritian context. Being an is flat coat, Mauritians as advantageously as tourists try to benefit the most from the unique milieu and climate which is ideal for leisure activities (Badat, 2009). As the island offers a wide range of prospects in terms of exterior pleasure, such as trekking, kayaking, snorkeling amongst others, it is a must to experience at least one among them (MTPA, 2011). In this respect, the study selects a crabby exterior divagation and studies the various aspects which atomic number 18 involved within.Aim of studyAn in depth psychoanalysis of Ye maya AdventuresObjectives of studyTo identify the activities provided and its impacts.To identify the marketing strategies of the geological formation.To find out to which extend the organisation is sustainableTo participate in an use provided by the organization.MethodologyWith regards to our outside pl easure project, all start with specking several leisure providers kindred Dive Sail Travel, Cap Soleil, Ican Tropic , Yemaya Adventures and so forth. At scratch, it was quite difficult to contact those companies as it was time consume, the individual in charge was unable to provide us with clear and accurate information and the expenditures that argon charged for those activities were too expensive. Finally, we contacted Yemaya and musical composition dealing with the someone we noticed that at that place was effective communication compared to other organizations and the prices were cheaper. Thus, we decided to go for Yemaya Adventures.Moreover, for our methodology participant observation and interview were used as our re chase instruments. Participant observation is a very commonly used observation technique (REF ) and in this method, one needs to participate in install to obtain data. Through participant observation one can obtain first-hand data as healthful as in de pth information round the leisure provider. However, it is very time consuming. We also interviewed the manager of Yemaya Adventures, Mr Patrick Haberland and this enables us to know about the organisations other activities that they provide, how they market their organization and what is more crucial is to what extent the activities of the organization is sustainable.Overview of Yemaya AdventuresLiterature reviewDefinitions and Concept of Leisure, diversionary attack and tourismLeisure, recreation and tourism are generally viewed as key components in rafts lives (Lynch and Veal (1996). Outdoor recreation brings happiness to battalion as it gives recreational opportunities to them. Leisure means various things to divergent people and thusly it consists of many definitions given by many researchers. For instance, Fava (1964) verbalize that leisure is the time which an individual has free from work or other responsibilities and which may be used for the purpose of relaxation, diversion, or private development. In contrast, harmonise to Godbey (1999), a leading researcher in the field of leisure education said that leisure is typically related with spare time or situations in which people give birth the luxury of choice. Sylvester (1999) verbalize that, we must not neglect the fact that in ancient time, leisure was considered as a luxury and was low-priced by affluent people only. enjoymentThe term recreation is originated from the Latin word of recreation and recreate which means to re upstart and to restore (Edginton et al 1995).Examples of outdoor recreation involveVisiting parks and natural welkins.Visiting historical and archaeological identifys.Outdoor concerts and festival.Golf and kite flyingForest activities like wildlife safari, camping ground and tree come up.Importance of Outdoor RecreationResearch has shown that outdoor recreation activities undoubtedly contribute positively to one health as well as well-being (Boniface, 2000 Dickson , Gray and Mann, 2008). Through recreation activities, people get the chance to enjoy the natural environment if they are doing adventure activities, interact with other people (Berman and Davis-Berman, 2000).Moreover, study has illustrated that the way life alters with the loss of link which inevitably result to poor lifestyles (Godbey, Caldwell, Floyd and Payne 2005). Nowadays, the new generation mainly children are more promising to be at risks than their parents. Children currently have more possibilities of health problems, such as asthma, obesity, vitamin D deficiency since they have inactive lifestyle as well as lack of physical exercises (REFERENCE). Consequently, it may lead to cardiovascular, pulmonary and mental health problems in adulthood (REFRENCE). Children from poor backgrounds are more apt(predicate) to be extraneous from green space as they have built environment such as bad housing condition, traffic congestion and so forth (REFERENCE). forthwith the world is connected with technological gadgets and children tends to stay more in front of their computers, television, playing video games and after school hours they need to complete their homework therefore youngsters miss the contact with the natural context, they also miss the chance for stress reduction, healthy development, physical activity and restoration (REFERENCE).Benefits of Outdoor RecreationEconomic benefitsOutdoor recreation economically benefits a country. For example, among all activities, bicycles are viewed as more sustainable compared to other activities and it brings over $ 81 billion into the American economy to each one year (Knight, 2012). Moreover, he also stated that bicycling also provide 770,000 direct jobs for people.Social BenefitsAustralian and International research stated that the notion of outdoor recreation alliance is considered as an cardinal facilitator of personal and community development. According to one Australian researcher, he said that outdo or recreation as a search for personally meaningful involvement (McIntyre 1992, p. 70).Lynch and Veal (1996), assert that outdoor recreation is exceedingly beneficial to the local communities as it promotes physical health, psycho- amicable well-being, self-actualization, spirituality, family bonding, child development, self-identity, social skill development and environmental education.Social and psychological is beneficial in two ways. At first, during confederacy, people are more likely to experience the utilisation with the activities that they have chosen its locality, its passion and personal satisfaction. Finally, after participation there is a change in the persons state of mind (Shreyer Driver 1990). For instance, there talent be an increase in social responsibility through having a feeling of belonging to an outdoor recreation community and it also reduces stress.Environmental BenefitsThose people involved in outdoor recreation tend to be more willing to preserve and conserve the environment, for example, they provide focussing strategies to reduce the negative environmental impacts. Participants who are motivated to help in conservation initiatives on a particular place which they love and feel attached. By doing so, this will certainly establishes the environment and contributes to the environmental sustainability.Motivation for outdoor recreationAccording to Iso-Ahola (1980), individuals are encouraged through defined objectives as well as rewards which can be every extrinsic or intrinsic. When a particular activity is occupied in to acquire compensation, it is cognise as extrinsically motivated. In contrast, intrinsically motivated is when a person is self motivated to achieve something or engaged in the activity for its own sake.Moreover, Iso-Ahola thinks that leisure behavior is mainly caused by intrinsic aspects which are coupled to self-expression, competence as well as agreement which implies freedom of choice. Nevertheless, recreat ion choice should not be regarded as unlimited. The ability for individual to choose from a range of recreational activities cannot be compromised collectable to the fact that individuals motivation to be indulged in a given outdoor recreation is projected in the choice made from various outdoor activities.Furthermore, choice is encircled by many pitfalls such as physical capability, affordability, awareness, time restrictions and family obligations. These limitations differ among people and the demographic, socio-economic and other groups. essential and ParticipationDemand is an economic term used in order to illustrate the link that exists between the quantities of a good that people will misdirect as well as the prices that they will have to pay. In other words, it refers to the ability and willingness to pay for a particular product. The elements of expects are as follows1. Effective, expressed or actual rent is the actual number of participants, for instance it reflects th e number of people that participate in countryside recreation. The number of people involved in such activity might be expressed per day or per year.2. Latent or suppressed demand refers to unfulfilled demand. Therefore, it is where an individuals desire to participate has not been fulfilled due to some reason. But if the situation alters such a desire may ultimately become effective demand. However, such demand is not easy to valuate as it relies on peoples hankeringes and desires as well. When taking into account suppressed demand it can be emphasized that the latter gives rise to two elements namely deferred demand and potential demand. When reference is being made to deferred demand refers to demand that is unfulfilled due to a lack of amenities, for example, if a large number of people liketo go to the swimming pool but the problem is that if there is no swimming available then this want will be unfulfilled and demand will be postponed until a swimming pool is provided. In c ontrast, potential demand is demand that is unfulfilled simply because there is a shortage of personal resources such as income or mobility. But, if there is an improvement in terms of personal situation it can undoubtedly be fulfilled in the future.3. at last it can be said that there will be people who will surely prefer not to involve in recreational activities and this is known as no demand.Factors alter demand for outdoor recreation can be classified into Demographic characteristics Socio-economic characteristics Situational characteristicsDemographic CharacteristicsIn terms of demographic characteristics there are several factors that affect the recreation preference and it includes age, sex, marital status and family diversity. Research has shown that young male who are single are more likely to involve in outdoor recreation and even if they are married they are unwilling to have children (Booth, 1989 Genet 2001 Booth Peebles, 1995). These participants are rattling prov oke in their education and they inevitably want to get well paid jobs.Socio -economic characteristicsPriceFrom an economists perspective, price is considered to be a key factor in find out price as customers decision but the price of leisure is complicated with regards to many other products. For example, a normal product consists of a single price but while comparing it to the price of leisure activities it is divergent as it consists of separate elements such as the valid nature of the leisure, other price like equals of transport, parking, equipment, clothing and accommodation might be charged. Economists stated that as leisure involves time, therefore the opportunity cost of that time in terms of its affirmable earning power should also be included in the list mentioned above.According to Gratton and Taylor (1985) he argued that the price of a product affects demand in two different ways. First and foremost, the average cost of participation which involves all types of costs such as entrance fee, equipment and so forth might affect demand in terms of decision making to involve in the activity. Thus, the higher the average cost, the lower the participate rate. Secondly, marginal cost is the cost that has an impact on the absolute frequency of participation. For example, in association with leisure activities there may be fixed costs involved like membership fee, buying of equipment and so on. IncomeIncome can be viewed as a feature that enables people to buy a leisure product. Research has shown that in the second half of the nineteenth century there has been a drastic change with regards to income emersion. It was then that the development of mass leisure started and simultaneously there was a constant increase of income and this has definitely an impact on growth of leisure. Affluent people have always enjoyed their leisure therefore it can be made crystal clear as income increases people will surely have more leisure.Situational characteristicsTime Self-employed people generally have better control concerning their time plan and these people are more likely to have more leisure time.MobilityCar ownership has increased dramatically because the income of people has risen and cars are more affordable to buy and run. If a person does not possess a vehicle, therefore he or she might be disadvantaged in terms of site, journey, timing and duration of the trip.External factors affecting demand for outdoor recreation areRecreational opportunity is highly dependent upon availability and accessibility of recreation sites. Thus, the nature of recreation sites as well as availability will surely rely upon several things such as carrying capacity, ownership, distribution, quality, access and degree of development. These reflect three important elements which consist of economic, behavioral and political. Hence, it helps both private and public sectors in terms of good decision making with regards to recreation provision.While making decisi on to visit any particular recreational sites, accessibility is considered to be a key element in influencing participation. Moreover, how crucial it is, as an element in decision making in influencing the what and where of recreation involvement is informed by Chubb and Chubb (1981153) People participation will increase if all other external and personal factors support participants, however if the site is not companionable it might certainly be a problem.Recreation travel behaviorWhile going to any particular site for recreation, distance is really important and for most movement, a distance-decay effect can be known so that the power of interaction diminishes as distance increases. In this context, if a recreational site consists of greater distance and involve more effort and time, might not be supported by participants. But, not all activities are time consuming as it relies on the types of activities that one is taking part in. The impact of longer distances will be negativ e to some extent as the more a person travel, he or might be tired and found it to be unpleasant. On the other hand, such effect may be encourage in situation where a person is travelling by cruise. The latter may enjoy and the longer the distance the greater the desire to extend it.Recreation choice behaviorForecasting of recreation behavior would have been taken into account if more was known with regards to factors influencing decision-making to attitudes, motivations and perceptions. This would be very helpful as it would explain1. Why some sites and activities are suitable2. Why some recreational firms are failures while others are satisfied by participants3. Why and how alternative recreation are ranked.The recreation alternative process is influenced by peoples perceptions of what recreational opportunities are available. inborn environments as recreation settingsDriver et al. (1987) demonstrates that natural surroundings are really crucial in attaining the preferred result from leisure. Research conducted in Colorado have shown that participants like to enjoy mostly in nature, therefore, natural environment plays an constitutional role in achieving the result as well as satisfaction required from involvement in certain forms of recreation.According to Kaplan and Kaplan (1989), participants satisfaction is associated with natural settings through integration mind and body in the leisure activity. Hence, environmental aspect beyond doubt is considered to have a dominant influence on recreation behavior and this has first derived from gurus like Schreyer et al. (1985), he propose that the most helpful demonstration of the environment for the explanation of behavioral choice is considered as important. They also stated that people are more likely to explore the natural environment location which will undoubtedly allow them to behave in the ways they wish and consequently this will enable them to achieve a desired cognitive state. Thus, the theory that re creation experiences are closely linked to recreation location is thorough with regards to the notion of the recreation opportunity spectrum.Outdoor recreation constraintsSince the past few decades, much research has been made on the constraints of outdoor recreation. Constraints are factors that limit peoples participation in leisure activities, peoples use of leisure services, or peoples enjoyment of current activities (capital of Mississippi Scott, 1999). As per Crawford, Jackson and Godbey (1993), there are three major types of constraints namely intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural. Intrapersonal constraints consist of the psychological characteristics of an individual that interact with personal preferences, thus the constraints that will affect personal preferences. For example, the self-esteem that an individual has or the perceived physical skills that he/she has. As for interpersonal constraints, they are the constraints which involve the interaction and relations hip among individuals. For example, access to friends or relatives company for a particular recreation. Finally, structural constraints are those constraints that affect the participation of an individual in a particular leisure activity. Structural constraints intervene between the personal preferences of a person and that persons participation in the recreation activity. For example, the cost of participating in a leisure activity or the problems involved with the facilities for an outdoor recreation.Moreover as per the hierarchical model developed by Crawford, Jackson and Godbey (1993), more importance is assigned to the intrapersonal and interpersonal constraints and the structural constraints are considered as less important. This is so because people, while going through the participation decision-making process there are constraints which will interact with motivations and preferences and thus shape the level of participation in the recreation or leisure activity. But however there are ways of negotiating through the constraints whereby people manage to participate in the recreation activities.Among the various constraints that exist, Jackson (1993), found that time was amongst the most important constraints as well as cost. As per the other researches made, it has also been noted that lack of money, transportation, and other structural items were factors contributing to constraint (Coyle Kinney, 1990 Kay Jackson, 1991 Samdahl Jekubovich, 1997 Williams Fidgeon, 2000). As for Walker and Virden (2004), they noted that constraints on time are the strongest ones, and the ones that are the most common in the various researches made.More recently, Jackson (2005) stressed the importance of understanding structural constraints, opining that no constraint or type of constraint is experienced with equal intensity by everyone, although time-related and cost-related constraints rank along with the most generally and strongly experienced inhibitors of the achiev ement of leisure goals and a balanced lifestyle Jackson (2005) also discussed the importance of recognizing that constraints may vary greatly across the different subgroups of the population, and across individuals.Most of the relevant studies (Alexandris Carroll, 1997 Jackson, 2005 Horna, 1989 Jackson Henderson, 1995) have come to the common conclusion that women face more intense leisure constraints than men, and this result mainly from lack of time. They tend to suggest that womens place within society, womens roles and responsibilities, practically limit womens freedom of choice. Furthermore, lack of technical skills, private transportation and of financial resources are also experienced by women more intensely than men (Harahoussou, 1996 Harrington Dawson, 1995).Types of outdoor recreational activitiesRecreational activities fall under different categories which are mountain activities, forest activities, beach and sea activities and some more such as fresh water supply ac tivities, aero activities, desert activities, family activities and cultural and historical activities.This is due to the fact that there are thousands of outdoor locations and different types of activities that can be done at different sites. Under each of these above mentioned categories there are different recreational activities that can be undertaken * Mountain activities- trekking, rock climbing, mountain biking, motorbike expedition, skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing and canyoning* Forest activities- wildlife safari, camping, bird watching, elephant safari and tree climbing* Beach and sea activities- snorkeling, scuba diving, parasailing, boat fishing, wind surfing and water sports* Fresh water activities- angling, canoeing, innocence water rafting, water sports and sea kayaking* Aero activities- gliding and ballooning* Desert activities- camel safari and desert jeep safari* Family activities- theme park and safari park* ethnic and historical activities- indigenous culture , museum and metal detectingAll these activities mentioned here, cannot be practiced everywhere. It depends on the destination if it can provide for such environment. There are activities which may fall under more than one category.Recreation Opportunity SpectrumA recreation opportunity as the name implies, is the choice to participate in a preferred recreation activity within a preferred setting and to enjoy the desired experience. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) which was developed in the United States (Clark Stankey, 1979), is first of all a tool which is used to plan outdoor recreation so as to identify in which categories the activities fall. It is also a framework for recreational planning whereby the opportunities present for recreation are defined.The objective is to provide diverse recreational experiences and manage them simultaneously in conjunction with other needs for land use (Yamaki and Shoji, 2004). The recreation opportunity spectrum that considers the di versity of recreation experience (Brown 1978, Buist 1982, Clark 1979, Driver 1978) will improve the utilization plan in this respect. For instance, in Japan, the provision of people with recreational opportunities in a natural setting will add to the conservation of the natural landscape (Yamaki and Shoji, 2004).The recreational opportunity spectrum is important so as to be able to make provision for different types of activities in different types of settings for people with different tastes. There are three types of settings in the recreation opportunity spectrum namely managerial, physical and social.The ROS Inventory characterizes and represents recreation opportunities as mixes or combinations of settings and probable experience opportunities arranged along a continuum or spectrum of ROS classes. The spectrum is set out in terms of seven ROS classes as follows Primitive (P) Roaded Modified (RM) equipage-primitive Non-Motorized (SPNM) unsophisticated (R) and Semi-primitive M otorized (SPM) urban (U). Roaded Natural (RN)2The classes that make up this spectrum are differentiated from each other in terms ofdiffering degrees or types of remoteness, naturalness and social experience as shown below.Water and Land Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (WALROS)The WALROS is an improvement of the Water Recreation Opportunity Spectrum which itself is sourced from the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum. The WALROS is also a tool which helps planners to make better decisions but it lays much emphasis on water resources such as reservoirs, lakes, rivers, bays, estuaries, wetlands, major springs, coastal zones, and protected marine areas.As our recreation activity was kayaking, the WALROS is more appropriate than the ROS.The WALROS unlike the ROS has only six classes which are namelyPrimitiveSemi primitiveRural naturalRural developedSuburbanUrbanPrimitive setting A primitive WALROS area is a large slam of natural resources far from development and settlement. Human activity is rare and seldom. The water resources and shorelines appear natural, showing little evidence of past human use. focusing relies on visitor cooperation and stewardship, and management activities often focus on resource protection, restoration, and monitoring. A sense of remoteness, wildness, solitude, and self-reliance is dominant among visitors. Visitor comforts, conveniences, and concentrations are not appropriate to a primitive setting. Examples of primitive settings are large expanses of lands and waters that are miles from development and settlement. The settings are commonly designated as wild and scenic Rivers, backcountry lakes, headwaters, marine reserves or other types of protected areas.Semiprimitive setting A semiprimitive WALROS area is a large expanse of natural resources that is far from any city or metropolitan area and a considerable distance from small communities or developments. Natural resources dominate the landscape. Development is minor, and human activity can merely be sensed. However, a semiprimitive setting may include evidence of human activity such as distant farming operations, powerlines, livestock, small buildings, old roadways, historic structures, and historic logging or mining. These water resources are often within large expanses of public lands and waters. Management, in the form of patrols, facilities, and signage, is seldom noticeable and the visitors are expected to have their own equipment and skills enable navigation and enjoyment of this setting. Visitors desire a sense of tranquility and an escape from their daily routine. Facilities are cracker-barrel and blend well into the setting. Resource protection is highly important. The opportunity for visitors to sense nature is widespread. Visitors sense solitude and remoteness. Examples of semiprimitive settings are large expanses of State lands and waters that are commonly designated as wild and scenic rivers.Rural natural setting A rural natural WALROS area is a con siderable distance from metropolitan areas and communities. Natural features are predominant on the landscape, and the aim of development is occasional or infrequent. Agriculture, tourism, and outdoor recreation are often primary industries. Many rural natural areas are large enclaves of public lands and waters. Natural resources dominate the landscape. The sights, sounds, and smells of development are infrequent. Natural-looking settings border the water resources. Water controls or other structures are occasional along the shoreline. Management is occasionally noticeable in the form of patrols, facilities, signage and full services. Visitors desire a sense of tranquility and escape from their daily routine. Opportunity for visitors to sense nature is prevalent as are cause to enjoy periods of solitude. Recreation use, diversity, socialization, concentration, sense of security, and conveniences are periodic and occasional. Examples of rural natural areas include unincorporated ru ral areas with secondary and unpaved roads, single residences, farms and ranches, rural county, small stores and fuel services stations, and areas bordering or surrounded by large expanses of public lands and waters.Rural developed setting A rural developed WALROS area is beyond a metropolitan area and the suburban ring of development. Rural developed areas may contain working farms, ranches, and towns. In this setting, primary road networks are common. Although development will be prevalent and common, the setting has a rural sense because of a scattering of forests, water resources, hills, valleys, wetlands, open spaces, and agricultural lands. Naturally coming into court shoreline edges are common, although various water controls or other structures are also common. Recreation management is prevalent and common but not as blanket(a) as in an urban setting (e.g., personnel, rules, facilities, signs, services, conveniences, security). Recreation use, diversity, socialization, conc entration, sense of security, and conveniences are less common than in a developed suburban or urban setting. The sights, sounds, and smells of recreation and non-recreation use are common, yet interspersed with locations and times when the urbanized visitor may experience a sense of tranquility and escape from day-after-day challenges. Examples of rural developed areas include areas with country estates, second homes and cabins, dams, power stations, primary and secondary roads, communication lines, resorts, marinas, small communities, full service campgrounds, farms and small commercial message and industrial establishments.Suburban setting A suburban WALROS area is on the fringe of the urban area. The sights of development and built structures are widespread. The built environment tends to be commercial and residential. The sights of commerce and everyday living are very obvious and prevalent. Natural-appearing settings can be found in community parks, greenways, trails, open s pace, natural areas and tidal marshes. The water resources tend to be highly channelized or altered to contain large fluctuations in water flow and for the protection of public safety and property. Recreation management is prevalent (e.g., personnel, rules, facilities, signs, services, conveniences, security). Recreation use, diversity, socialization, concentration, sense of security, and conveniences are also prevalent and obvious. The sights, sounds, and smells of recreation and non-recreation use (e.g., municipal, industrial, residential) are obvious but not dominant in a suburban setting. Examples of suburban WALROS areas can be found on the outer edges of most metropolitan areas in the United States and include parks, and trail systems.Urban setting An urban WALROS area can be found in extensively developed and populated cities and metropolitan spaces where virtually the entire landscape contains manmade structures. Municipal, industrial, commercial, and residential land uses d ominate, and the sights are typical of a city environment. Natural features may be found in small neighborhood parks, commercial courtyards, streetscapes, residential gardens, or landscaping. The water resources tend to be highly channelized, manipulated, or altered to contain large fluctuations in water flow and to protect public safety and property. Management presence is common and obvious (e.g., personnel, rules, facilities, sig

Ethnographic Study Of Mumtaz Restaurant Cultural Studies Essay

Ethnographic Study Of Mumtaz Restaurant Cultural Studies EssayTo achieve a purpose of this assignment, I puddle conducted an ethnographic study on Mumtaz Indian eating house situated in Bradford, Great Horton Road. In this essay, the globalisation theory has explained with significance on globalisation of intersection point and services and globalisation of culture.An utterance of Mumtaz put downaurant have described in this essay, which will explicate the culture, production and services globally. I overly aim to develop better understanding of the bound globalisation in the literature with the help of some translations on globalisation of culture. This study therefore give support to the theory in a broaden world cultures.Mumtaz is an Arabic word (then it has been adopted by Persian and Urdu) meaning the distinguished or the best. It is commonly use as a male or female name in Hindi speaking Muslim community in India as well as in Malaysia and Brunei. As I fond movement towards the restaurant, on the entrance, the man standing in the white uniform who welcomed me with full of respect. That is the first thing impressed me of this restaurant and forces me to realise that I am in India. As I went inside, it is all modern and sleek. I enter first into the food emporium where its own products argon on sale. Before heading into the restaurant I am appearing a precise beautiful sitting area that can be called as waiting room for the customers. The comfortable wooden sofas and table are representing the Indian culture of hospitality. The wood-framed tables are topped with thick bottle-end patterned glass and surrounded by slim steel-legged, high-backed black flog chairs. It is looking beautiful. There are cream color walls with leather panels, paintings and spotlights in the white ceiling and greenery shoots out of stainless-steel conical plant pots.Black and alloy decoration with combination of lightsWaiting room for the customersRestaurant is on th e main road, on angiotensin-converting enzyme side of the restaurant huge transparent glasses are fitted thereby allowing the customers to enjoy the weather of outside with their meal. The restaurant is very big and famous for the Indian food and culture but it serves seven nationalities of food. The staffs have a unique dress, black trouser and black shirt with a logo of Mumtaz. Most of the waiters are students, working as a part time. The restaurant is very busy as I am here at 130 pm on Saturday and I can observe 25 populate around me. Dining here is very informal and the place is full with friends, couples and families with kids and mostly are the Asians. The overall age group is 20 -45. There are two Africans and three British sitting behind me and discussing about the peck of the food. They have drinks on the table. An Arabic group of five stack, two of them are girls sitting on the next table. Theres contemporary, up-tempo but unobtrusive Indian music in the background which reflects the emotions and Indian culture.I was looking behind and suddenly I hear a voice what would you like to order sir? I spoke to him for two minutes. He was a student from Malaysia doing a part time work. I staged Pakistani food there are four founts of curry, two Nan and rasmalayi in desserts. The taste is awesome. In the end I observe, when the water bowl served on the table to wash hands, many of the Indians and Pakistani used it because they were using hands instead of folk and knife. In India, people rarely use folk and knife. Moreover, rest of them use tissues. While giving the feed back, I appreciate the taste of the food. I asked a question from the supervisor manager. How could he manage to develop the taste without the items that are not available in the U.K? He told me that many of the items import from distinguishable countries mostly from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, UAE, Africa and china. He said Mumtaz has 15 branches universal and we select s even best cook from each country on a contract basis. The last word he said many of the celebrities come here for a small taste of why the Mumtaz Empire has spread quite so wide.LiteratureCulture and politics are facilitators of globalisation. They enable firms and consumers to buy, sell and even arise on a global basis. But there has to be motive for firms and consumers to act globally. globalization stands for the whole public across the world. There are thousands of definitions of globalization, which arrive confusion because the much specific concepts are highly diverse. There are five definitions of globalization that can be distinguished. A common idea of globalization can be understand in terms of internationalization, liberalization, universalization, westernization and territorialization.Internationalization From this point of view global is a word which describes cross-border relations between countries, globalization designates a growth of international exchange and i nterdependence. According to H, Paul and T, Grahame, globalization word is identified in the terms of large and growing flows of trade and capital investiture between countries (1996a48).Liberalization Globalization has viewed as liberalization. It is a process of removing all the government restrictions on movement between one country to another country. Globalization has become an important word for describing the process of international economic integration (Sander199627).Universalization A third concept has equated globalization with universalization. In this global means worldwide and globalization is the process of supplying unplayfuls to people in any part of the world.Westernization Globalization is again equal with westernization. Globalization is dynamic where by the social structure of modernity like industrialism, capitalism, rationalism, bureaucratism etc are spread all over the world and spoiling existent culture and local self determination in process.Territoriali zation H, David and M, Tony have defined globalization as a process which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and minutes (Held et al., 199916) dissimilar authors have different views on globalization. According to Malcolm Waters, globalization theory examines the emergence of global culture. It suggests that global culture is brought about a manakin of the social and ethnic developments. It is more important to see that globalization involves a new instinct of the world as a single place. It suggests that a globalization is a social process in which the constraint of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people are aware that they are receding. Robertson definition of globalization Globalization concept refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. On the other hand, globalization has covered or so every person in todays world, the trend has spread unevenly.The process of globalization must to some extent be facilitated by a convergence of cultures. For example, St Patricks daylight is a celebration of the patron saint of Ireland. Yet the day itself is now celebrated by many other nationalities all over the world. Admittedly, many of the Irish have at some point emigrated to other part of the world, but this does not explain the extent to which other cultures are willing to assume the St Patricks sidereal day celebrations. According to Anthony Giddens, a leading sociological writer on globalization said that globalization is the cultural suspension of space and time. If space is a cultural reference point for geography and national identity, the willingness of many other cultures to celebrate St Patricks Day surely reflects a suspension of cultural space. Individuals from the UK, Australia and the US in celebrating the Irish patron saints day are suspending, in part, their cultural attachment to their own national culture.Ho llywood and Indian entertainment industry (bollywood) are the two sure-fire industries. They produce films, T.V. shows and a variety of music that are enjoyed not only by Indians, British or Americans, but similarly by many people around the world. The portrayal of Indian and western life names, shops, the consumption of food, soft drinks and the belief that opportunity exist for everyone, can all be viewed and adopt while watch such movies and T.V. shows. So, if viewers around the world enjoy watching or listening to Indian or western culture, then perhaps they will also enjoy partaking in, or consuming any culture? If this is true, then the media of the country are an important facilitator of countrys companies selling their brands around the globe.According to Giddins, technology and communication is also a very good example of globalization. The ability to communicate with anyone, at anytime, anywhere in the world increases the perception of a global village, as foreign to a large fragmented global system. Globalization is a very broad aspect. The discussion on globalization can never come to an end. The more you talk, the more it takes you in deep.AnalysisThe name Mumtaz itself is a combination and use in different countries like Arabic, Indian, Brunei and Malaysia and from the religion perspective it is mostly used in the Muslim community. The restaurant is a typical Indian restaurant. It is famous for Indian food but it also serves different nationalities food. That means different nationalities of food ask for all the people in the restaurant from different countries. However, the environment, the behavior they serve food in an Indian style, can reflect the culture of India. After an honoring of the restaurant, it set a good example of globalization. There are different customers can be found in the restaurant of different countries such as British, Arabic, Indians, Chinese, Pakistan. The staffs are also from different places, most of them are the students from India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. The cooks are from seven different nationalities to take note the taste of each country. People are sitting and enjoying non-homogeneous types of food of different countries. It looks like a western and Indian culture meeting under one roof. The language that is use in the restaurant is position because it is a universal language. Nevertheless, the Indians and Pakistani convey the message or make an order in their own native language to staffs. Music, taste, interior decorations, paintings on the wall, style of serving the food etc are giving a feel of the culture of India. That is how the globalization helps in shaping and reshaping of social relations within all countries. Different nationalities of people are working in the restaurant on different posts and everyone has to adopt the culture of the restaurant in a globalise manner. The raw stuff for the restaurant that is not available in the country is been imported from diffe rent part of the world. According to Begg, D and Ward, D, global product markets will concentrate on trading internationally, as opposed to operating internationally. Trading internationally is the export and import of goods and services from domestic locations to international markets. To achieve the each countrys taste and maintain the quality of food, the restaurant is importing many of the ingredients from different part of the world.According to some definitions of globalization, it is understood that globalization plays an important role in doing any type of the business. It is not possible for a country to produce all the goods. For example, some vegetables and fruits require cold or hot weather to grow. Different countries have different weather conditions. Globalization occurs at many levels. Firms can export overseas or even operate overseas. They can exploit cheaper labour, capital or pay overseas. An examination of globalization requires an analysis of numerous issues.F or the globalisation, businesses are classic example of this. As Castells (2001) noted, they are organised around networks of production, management and distribution. Those that are successful have to be able to respond quickly to change both in the market and in production. Sophisticated information systems are essential in such globalization. Media plays an important role to make the restaurant globalize, through advertisements on the T.V. pop ups on internet. It influences people to visit the restaurant to see the culture and taste the variety of dishes at a single place. For example, Queen Elizabeth had visited the restaurant to experience the Indian culture and the taste of different varieties. It shows that, how globalization make the restaurant so general in the world.Queen Elizabeth in the Mumtaz restaurantThe definition of Robertson on globalization best fit here, Globalization concept refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. Globalization has covered almost every person in todays world, the trend has spread unevenly. Language is a very good example of globalization. Every country has own language but English is universal. But the thing is, multicultural people speak English differently, each one has distinct way of speaking, accent, using short forms etc. We take an example of spellings, UK spell out colour, realise, and American spell color, realize. The meaning is same but the way of writing is bit different between both the countries.ConclusionThe overall study of this essay comes with a conclusion by the help of observation through in a Mumtaz an Indian veg and non-vegetarian restaurant. The observation highlights the globalization of culture. The restaurant has perfectly maintained the dignity of the Indian culture. They have also attracted many of the celebrities to come and see the culture of India in the U.K. Food, religion, paintings, interior decoration, and people of di fferent nationalities, Indian music and import of the products from different countries. These are the main aspects, which have shown the globalization of culture, and globalization of product and services. This is explained with an example of raw materials import from different countries and the international students those who are working in the restaurant and offering their best services globally. The ethnography study on the restaurant has tried to relate with the literature is used in this essay.

Types And Uses Of Fertilizers

Types And Uses Of FertilizersFertilizers be substances that supply coiffe nutrients or amend state fertility. They atomic number 18 the most effective means of change magnitude garnish production and of improving the quality of food and fodder. Fertilizers argon utilizationd in order to supplement the indwelling nutrient supply in the daub, oddly to correct the (yield-limiting) minimum factor.Fertilizers are modify amendments utilise to promote plant appendage the important nutrients present in fertiliser are nitrogen, the Tempter, and potassium (the macronutrients) and opposite nutrients (micronutrients) are added in smaller tot ups. Fertilizers are usually directly applied to soil, and likewise sprayed on leaves (foliar feeding).Organic fertilisers or and some mined in ingrained fertilizers impart been used for many centuries, whereas chemically synthesized in innate fertilizers were only widely developed during the industrial revolution. Increased understandin g and use of fertilizers were important parts of the pre-industrial British coarse Revolution and the industrial green revolution of the 20th century. Inorganic fertilizer use has also significantly supported global population growth it has been estimated that well-nigh half(a) the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result of artificial nitrogen fertilizer use.Fig 1Fertilizers typically provide, in alter proportionsThe three principal(a) macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).The three secondary macronutrients calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg).and the micronutrients or withdraw minerals boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and selenium (Se).The macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.2% to 4.0% (on a dry matter weight basis). there are some examples of it-Fig 2 Fig 3Different Types of FertilizersFertilizers are chemical co mpounds applied to promote plentiful plant and fruit growth. Fertilizers are applied through soil for up apply by plant roots, or by applying liquid fertilizer directly to plant leaves. They typical fertilizer provides proportions of the three major plant nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The secondary plant nutrients such as calcium, sulfur, and magnesium are also contained in fertilizers. Fertilizers can be placed into categories of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers.Organic FertilizersNaturally occurring fertilizers includeManureWorm castingsPeat mossSeaweedSewageGuanoOrganic fertilizers are used to enrich soil through nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere by bacterial nodules on plant roots, as well as phosphorus content of soils. Processed organic materials from natural sources include compost, blood meal powdered blood, and bone (crushed lay down bones) meal from organic meat production facilities, and seaweed extracts.thither is more diversity with or ganic fertilizers, so choosing the right one is non always easy. In general organic fertilizers cannot cause plant catch fires, get into ground irrigate, affect surrounding growth, and do not need as strict of watering schedules.Organic fertilizer sources-AnimalsAnimals-Sourced urea , are suitable for masking organic agriculture, while pure synthetic forms of urea are not. The common thread that can be seen through these examples is that organic agriculture attempts to define itself through stripped processing (in contrast to the man-made Haber process), as well as being naturally occurring or via natural biological processes such as composting.Sewage sludge use in organic agricultural trading operations in the U.S. has been extremely limited and rare due to USDA prohibition of the practice (due to toxic alloy accumulation, among other factors). The USDA now requires 3rd-party certification of high-nitrogen liquid organic fertilizers sold in the U.S.Plant-Cover crops are als o grown to enrich soil as a green manure through nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere as well as phosphorus (through nutrient mobilization) content of soils.mineral-Naturally mined powdered limestone, mined rock phosphate and atomic number 11 nitrate, are inorganic (in a chemical sense), are energetically intensive to harvest, and even so are approved for usage in organic agriculture in minimal amounts.Benefits of Organic MaterialBy nature organic fertilizers provide change magnitude physical and biological storage mechanisms to soils, reducing risks of over fertilization. Organic fertilizers nutrient content, solubility, and nutrient release rates are typically much lower than inorganic fertilizers. Over fertilization of a vital nutrient can be as detrimental as under fertilization to a plant. Fertilizer burn can occur when too much fertilizer is applied resulting in the drying out of roots a dogged with injure and even death to plants. All organic fertilizers are classified a s slow release fertilizers. Studies have found that organic fertilizersRelease 25% to 60% of nitrogen as inorganic.Controlled release fertilizers had a relatively constant rate of release.Soluble fertilizer released most of its nitrogen content at the first leaching.Inorganic Fertilizers Naturally occurring inorganic fertilizers include sodium nitrate, mined rock phosphate and lime stone which is used to raise pH and calcium sources.Macronutrients and MicronutrientsFertilizers can be divided into macronutrients and micronutrients based on their ingress levels in dry plant matter. There are six macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (3 main primary elements), calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.Macronutrient Fertilizers-Synthesized materials are also called artificial, and may also be called straight person were a product contains the three primary elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Fertilizers are named according to the content of the three elements in the ferti lizer. If the main ingredient in the fertilizer is nitrogen, then the fertilizer will be described as a nitrogen fertilizer. But regardless of the name of the fertilizer they are labeled according to the amounts of each of these primary elements, by their weight.The amount of nitrogen will encourage growth of stems and leaves by promoting protein and chlorophyll. More Flowers, bigger fruits, and healthier roots will result from added phosphorus, and it will also help plants resist certain diseases. Potassium thickens stems and leaves by fostering protein development, meaning the vegetables would prefer a different potassium ratio than flowers or fruit plants would.Benefits of inorganic fertilizersSynthetic fertilizers are commonly used to treat written reports used for growing maize, followed by barley, sorghum, rape disgorge, soy and sunflower. One study has shown that application of nitrogen fertilizer on off-season cover crops can increase the biomass (and subsequent green manur e value) of these crops, while having a beneficial effect on soil nitrogen levels for the main crop planted during the summer season.Nutrients in soil develop in symbiosis, which can be thrown out of balance with high concentrations of fertilizers. The interconnectedness and complexness of this soil food web means any appraisal of soil function must necessarily take into account interactions with the living communities that exist at heart the soil. Stability of the system is reduced by the use of nitrogen-containing inorganic and organic fertilizers, which cause soil acidification.Problem with inorganic fertilizersTrace mineral depletion-Many inorganic fertilizers may not replace get out mineral elements in the soil which become gradually depleted by crops. This depletion has been linked to studies which have shown a marked fall (up to 75%) in the quantities of such minerals present in fruit and vegetables.In Western Australia deficiencies of zinc, copper, manganese, iron and mol ybdenum were identified as limiting the growth of broad-acre crops and pastures in the 1940s and 1950s. Soils in Western Australia are very old, highly weathered and deficient in many of the major nutrients and trace elements. Since this time these trace elements are routinely added to inorganic fertilizers used in agriculture in this state.Over fertilization-Over-fertilization of a vital nutrient can be as detrimental as under fertilization. Fertilizer burn can occur when too much fertilizer is applied, resulting in a drying out of the roots and damage or even death of the plant.Burning of plantsHigh energy consumption-The production of synthetic ammonia water currently consumes about 5% of global natural gas consumption, which is somewhat fewer than 2% of world energy productions.Natural gas is overwhelmingly used for the production of ammonia, but other energy sources, unitedly with a hydrogen source, can be used for the production of nitrogen compounds suitable for fertilizers. The approach of natural gas makes up about 90% of the cost of producing ammonia. The increase in price of natural gases over the past decade, along with other factors such as increasing demand, has contributed to an increase in fertilizer price.semipermanent Sustainability-Inorganic fertilizers are now produced in ways which theoretically cannot be continued indefinitely. Potassium and phosphorus come from mines (or saline lakes such as the baseless Sea) and such resources are limited. More effective fertilizer utilization practices may, however, decrease present usage from mines. Improved knowledge of crop production practices can wetially decrease fertilizer usage of P and K without reducing the critical need to improve and increase crop yields. Atmospheric (unfixed) nitrogen is effectively limitless (forming over 70% of the atmospheric gases), but this is not in a form useful to plants. To make nitrogen accessible to plants requires nitrogen fixation (conversion of atmosphe ric nitrogen to a plant-accessible form).Artificial nitrogen fertilizers are typically synthesized using fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal, which are limited resources. In lieu of converting natural gas to syngas for use in the Haber process, it is also possible to convert renewable biomass to syngas (or wood gas) to supply the necessary energy for the process, though the amount of land and resources (ironically ofttimes including fertilizer) necessary for such a project may be prohibitive (see Energy conservation in the United States).Applications of fertilizerThere are so many fields where fertilizer is used in high proportion. Agriculture is the one of field among them. There is some region where fertilizer is used-Broadcast-Broadcasting consists of uniformly distributing dry or liquid materials over the soil surface, usually before sowing. The fertilizer maybe incorporated into the soil mechanically, or left on the surface to be washed in by rainfall or irrigation. Incor poration into the AP horizon can be by harrow (2-3 cm depth), a cultivator (4-6 cm depth) or by plough (incorporation to plough depth). Broadcasting is the simplest and cheapest method and is best suited for high-speed operations and heavy application rates, especially before planting.Side or top dressing-Fertilizer is side or top-dressed when it is applied after the crop has emerged, and/or when the dose is split for two or more applications. Split applications can be beneficial in some cases, especially for annual crops with a long growing period. Split application of KCl is also recommended for crops growing on low CEC soils, where K can be lost by leaching K quest high rainfall or excess irrigation. Soybean responded significantly up to 50 kg K ha-1 when applied half at planting and half at flower initiation, or applying one three at planting, one third at flower initiation and one third at pod development. Splitting the K application is also used in orchards and for other pe rennial crops, especially for alfalfa and grasses. In trials in a Commercial field of Lucerne, the largest yields, up to 3.15 t ha-1 in 26 days, were on plots treated with 948 kg K ha-1 as KCl in 3 applications. In areas of Cl deficient soils, top-dressed applications of KCl for drop sown small grains may be more effective than preplant applications because of the potential difference for Cl leaching from the root zone due to rainfall.Foliar applicationFoliar application involves the use of KCl in solution. It results in fast K absorption and utilization and has the advantage of quickly correcting deficiencies diagnosed by observation or foliar analysis. Other advantages are low application rates, and uniform distribution of fertilizer.However, foliar fertilization is supplementary to and cannot replace the basal fertilization.Foliar application should be done during periods of low temperature and relatively high humidity, such in the archaean morning or late evening. Otherwise t he salts may cause leaf burning and necrosis especially when applied in concentrations above those recommended. Because of its osmotic action, KCl applied on leaves is not well tolerated by plants and so is not usually used for foliar application. Nevertheless, it can be beneficial in some cases.Rice-A foliar application of 10 kg KCl m-3 to rice at panicle initiation, boot leaf and 50% flowering stages, both in the monsoon and winter seasons, significantly increased seed yield and improved quality (seed germination and 100-seed weight). Splitting a total of 95 kg ha-1 of KCl to rice, a third at sowing in soil, a third as a foliar spray at flag leaf stage and a third as foliar spray at grain development, gave larger yields than a soil application all at sowing .A foliar spray applying 3.9 kg K ha-1 (as 10 kg KCl m-3) three times at one week intervals from encompassing head of rice cv.Environmental effects of fertilizer useWater Eutrophication-The nitrogen-rich compounds found in fer tilizer run-off is the primary cause of a serious depletion of type O in many parts of the ocean, especially in coastal zones the resulting lack of dissolved oxygen is greatly reducing the ability of these areas to sustain oceanic fauna.Visually, water may become cloudy and discolored (green, yellow, brown, or red).About half of all the lakes in the United States are now eutrophic, while the number of oceanic baseless zones near inhabited coastlines are increasing. As of 2006, the application of nitrogen fertilizer is being increasingly controlled in Britain and the United States. If Eutrophication can be reversed, it may take decades before the accumulated nitrates in groundwater can be broken down by natural processes.High application rates of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers in order to maximize crop yields, combined with the high solubilitys of these fertilizers leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater. The use of ammonium nitrate in inorg anic fertilizers is particularly damaging, as plants absorb ammonium ions preferentially over nitrate ions, while excess nitrate ions which are not absorbed dissolve (by rain or irrigation) into runoff or groundwater.Fig 10Soil acidification Nitrogen-containing inorganic and organic fertilizers can cause soil acidification when added. This may lead to decreases in nutrient availability which may be offset by liming.Heavy metal accumulation-The concentration of up to 100 mg/kg of cadmium in phosphate minerals (for example, minerals from Nauru and the Christmas islands)increases the contamination of soil with cadmium, for example in New Zealand.Uranium is another example of a contaminant often found in phosphate fertilizers (at levels from 7 to 100 pCi/g). Eventually these heavy metals can build up to unacceptable levels and build up in vegetable produce. (See cadmium poisoning) Average annual intake of uranium by adults is estimated to be about 0.5 mg (500 g) from ingestion of food a nd water and 0.6 g from breathing air. brand name industry wastes, recycled into fertilizers for their high levels of zinc (essential to plant growth), wastes can include the following toxic metals lead arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. The most common toxic elements in this type of fertilizer are mercury, lead, and arsenic. Concerns have been raised concerning fish meal mercury content by at least one source in Spain.Also, highly radioactive Polonium-210 contained in phosphate fertilizers is absorbed by the roots of plants and stored in its tissues tobacco derived from plants fertilized by rock phosphates contains Polonium-210 which emits alpha radiation estimated to cause about 11,700 lung cancer deaths each year worldwide.For these reasons, it is recommended that nutrient budgeting, through careful observation and monitoring of crops, take place to mitigate the effects of excess fertilizer application.Atmospheric effects-Methane emissions from crop fields (notably rice padd y fields) are increased by the application of ammonium-based fertilizers these emissions contribute greatly to global climate change as methane is a potent greenhouse gas.Through the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer, which is added at a rate of 1 billion tons per year presently to the already alert amount of reactive nitrogen, nitrous oxide (N2O) has become the third most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane. It has a global warming potential 296 times larger than an equal mass of carbon dioxide and it also contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion.Storage and application of some nitrogen fertilizers in some weather or soil conditions can cause emissions of the potent greenhouse gas-nitrous oxide. Ammonia gas (NH3) may be emitted following application of inorganic fertilizers and/or manures and slurries.The use of fertilizers on a global scale emits significant quantities of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere.Emissions come about through the use ofanima l manures and urea, which release methane, nitrous oxide, ammonia, and carbon dioxide in varying quantities depending on their form (solid or liquid) and management (collection, storage, spreading)fertilizers that use nitric acid or ammonium bicarbonate, the production and application of which results in emissions of nitrogen oxides, nitrous oxide, ammonia and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.By changing processes and procedures, it is possible to mitigate some, but not all, of these effects on anthropogenic climate change.

The Knife :: essays research papers

The knife     Everybody has read a horror story before at some point, but a story from Alfred Hitchcock is different because at the end he leaves the reader thinking what has happened. In "The Knife" he uses Plot, Setting, and Conflict to do just this.     Edward Dawes and Herbert Smithers are just two friends having a whoop it up with eachother, but one of them has a knife that was found in a nearby sewer drain. Herbert is cleaning it widly as if he was possesed. Then a red ruby appears on the knife when he is done cleaning it, now the madness breaksout analogous a terrible plague..     While Herbert is admiring the knife, the housemaid walks in and asks to see the knife,but all of a sudden Herbert goes insane out of his mind when the maid touched him, then he stares right at the maid with a devilish look, and out of the blue he stabbed her, next thing you know the maid is on the floor dead and Herbert runs out the house as fast as he can. The reader may think this is the climax, but it is not, it is the rising action leading up to the climax. Alfred Hitchcock does not tell the reader wherefore he stabbed her,he likes to leaving the reader thinking and get more into the story, which is kind of like ahook to keep the reader reading.     The climax is where he will get the readers interested more in the story. AfterHerbert runs out Edward Dawes picks up the knife and notifys the police of the incident.once he has called the police for some yard he goes into the kitchen to clean the wicked knife. While he is cleaning it, it slips out of his hand and cuts his arm, then hiswife walks in and trys to help him, then Edward goes bezerk just like his friend Herbertand for no reason stabbs her in her chest.     The falling action and conclusion get a little weird because the police get to the scene, and they start discussing about this, but the sergeant reme mbers a murder on the same street a while back, and the person that was murdered on this street was Marie Kelly, the last victim of Jack The Ripper. When Jack The Ripper was getting away he dropped the knife into a sewer drain. Both men say it was the knife that made them stabb